southern pine beetle

Insects: Bark Beetles and Phloem Feeding Insects
Hexapoda (including Insecta) > Coleoptera > Curculionidae > Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, 1868

539 records

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Image Descriptor Description Photographer
0013025 Adult(s) lateral view Gerald J. Lenhard
0013061 Adult(s) callow adult Gerald J. Lenhard
0014268 Adult(s) callow adult Gerald J. Lenhard
0745025 Adult(s) callus adult (left) compared to schlerotized adult (right) USDA Forest Service - Pineville Archive
0745057 Adult(s) young adults ready to emerge Erich G. Vallery
0745070 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
0745072 Adult(s) in flight and dorsal view Erich G. Vallery
0745073 Adult(s) in flight Erich G. Vallery
0745074 Adult(s) in flight, close-up Erich G. Vallery
0745068 Adult(s) with wings expanded in flight Erich G. Vallery
1510071 Adult(s) Southern pine beetle USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1669048 Adult(s) compared to a grain of rice and black turpentine beetle, left to right Southern Forest Insect Work Conference Archive
1929019 Adult(s) adults on head of penny Tim Tigner
2089090 Adult(s) Lacy L. Hyche
2516003 Adult(s) Side view taken using an Auto-Montage digital microscopy system.
© 2002, 2003 by the University of Florida and may be freely used for educational purposes as long as credit is given to the University of Florida and, if space permits, the photographer. Any commercial use requires written permission of the Chairman, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620.
David T. Almquist
2516004 Adult(s) Dorsal view with male on the left and female on the right taken using an Auto-Montage digital microscopy system.
© 2002, 2003 by the University of Florida and may be freely used for educational purposes as long as credit is given to the University of Florida and, if space permits, the photographer. Any commercial use requires written permission of the Chairman, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0620.
David T. Almquist
2721065 Adult(s) D. frontalis (left) compared to Ips avulsus (right) John L. Foltz
3225035 Adult(s) lateral close-up Texas Agricultural Extension Service Archive
4178010 Adult(s) on pitch tube Erich G. Vallery
4178011 Adult(s) on pitch tube Erich G. Vallery
4178013 Adult(s) closeup of mycangia on female Erich G. Vallery
4178057 Adult(s) Female on left, male on right with notch on head. John Moser
5155022 Adult(s) crenutations at base of elytra J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5155025 Adult(s) J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5155027 Adult(s) head and pronotum J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5155030 Adult(s) pronotum J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5155032 Adult(s) J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5155033 Adult(s) J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5289023 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5289024 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5289025 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5289028 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5289029 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5289030 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5289031 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5289035 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5289036 Adult(s) with wings out Erich G. Vallery
5289037 Adult(s) with wings out Erich G. Vallery
5289038 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5289039 Adult(s) Erich G. Vallery
5323012 Adult(s) Broad, prominent head with a distinct notch or frontal groove on male beetles. The antennae are seven-segmented, consisting of the basal pedicel, elongated scape, four-segmented funicle, and an enlarged club. Males lack mycangium on head but have a distinct frontal groove, and elevations or tubercles are more distinct; USA: Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323013 Adult(s) Adults are 2 to 4 mm in length, short-legged, cylindrical and brown to black in colour. The prothorax is shiny and slightly narrowed toward the head. Its surface is thinly covered with different-sized punctures and a relatively smooth, distinct dorsal line. The elytra have fine to coarse rubosites between rows of obscure to distinct punctures. The elytral declivity is convex; USA: Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323014 Adult(s) Broad and prominent head. Transverse, rather broad elevated ridge, called a mycangium, on the anterior pronotum; USA. Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323015 Adult(s) broad and prominent head has a distinct notch or frontal groove on male beetles; USA: Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323016 Adult(s) Females are distinguished from males by the presence of a transverse, rather broad elevated ridge, called a mycangium, on the anterior pronotum. Males lack the mycangium but have a distinct frontal groove, and elevations or tubercles on the head are more distinct; USA: Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323017 Adult(s) The broad and prominent head has a distinct notch or frontal groove on male beetles. Males lack the mycangium on the anterior pronotum but have a distinct frontal groove, and elevations or tubercles on the head are more distinct; USA. Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323018 Adult(s) The elytra have fine to coarse rubosites between rows of obscure to distinct punctures and the elytral declivity is convex; USA: Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323019 Adult(s) Adults are 2 to 4 mm in length, short-legged, cylindrical and brown to black in color, the elytra have fine to coarse rubosites between rows of obscure to distinct punctures and the elytral declivity is convex; USA. Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323020 Adult(s) Adults are 2 to 4 mm in length, short-legged, cylindrical and brown to black in color, the broad and prominent head has a distinct notch or frontal groove on male beetles, the elytra have fine to coarse rubosites between rows of obscure to distinct punctures and the elytral declivity is convex; USA: Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323021 Adult(s) The elytra have fine to coarse rubosites between rows of obscure to distinct punctures and the elytral declivity is convex; USA: Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323022 Adult(s) females are distinguished from males by the presence of a transverse, rather broad elevated ridge, called a mycangium, on the anterior pronotum; males lack the mycangium but have a distinct frontal groove, and elevations or tubercles on the head are more distinct; USA. Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5323023 Adult(s) The broad and prominent head has a distinct notch or frontal groove on male beetles. The antennae are seven-segmented, consisting of the basal pedicel, elongated scape, four-segmented funicle, and an enlarged club; USA: Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale. Pest and Diseases Image Library
5289046 Adult(s) in pupal chamber Erich G. Vallery
0745089 Biological Control larva being parasitized by dipterian larva Peter L. Lorio, Jr.
0010163 Competition 20-year old plantation killed in 2000 with one year development of the released hardwood understory David J. Moorhead
0010165 Competition 8-10 year old plantation killed in 2000 with one year of heavy hardwood understory growth resulting from lack of overstory foliage David J. Moorhead
0013100 Control SPB infestation controlled by cut-and-leave. Ronald F. Billings
0013101 Control Aerial view of SPB infestation treated by cut-and-leave in pine plantation, showing two breakouts (re-infestations) following treatment. Ronald F. Billings
0013102 Control Southern pine beetle infestation being treated with pile-and-burn as means for control in Honduras. 1982. Infested trees are piled in preparation for burning to eliminate beetle broods. Ronald F. Billings
0010157 Control aerial shot of the cut-and-leave buffer strip James Denny Ward
0010158 Control aerial shot of the cut-and-leave buffer strip James Denny Ward
0010128 Control Push and leave control technique. (Variation of cut and leave) Andrew J. Boone
0010129 Control Aerial view of large cut and leave treatment Andrew J. Boone
0010130 Control Cut and leave treatment with insect escape Andrew J. Boone
0013098 Control Portable sawmill set up on large SPB infestation to salvage dead trees, 1988. Ronald F. Billings
0014309 Control salvage - a recommended method for controlling infestations Ronald F. Billings
0284008 Control cut and leave control technique; ; Upland Island Wilderness Area Ronald F. Billings
0284009 Control salvage - a recommended control technique; showing minimal impact of technique, Ronald F. Billings
0284014 Control Helicopter and log landing, helicopter being used to transport killed trees and a buffer strip and log deck, Part of Four Notch story, Januuary 1984 Ronald F. Billings
0284031 Control insecticide being sprayed on felled log Ronald F. Billings
0355020 Control verbenone treatment Robert L. Anderson
0364068 Control cut and hand spray Robert L. Anderson
0364071 Control pile and burn Robert L. Anderson
0590061 Control cut and fell Robert L. Anderson
0590062 Control note packets of verbonone on trunks adjacent to cut and fell spot Robert L. Anderson
1238075 Control

Lindane on pitchtubes stopped SPB on pine

Randy Cyr
0590094 Control sanitation cut in urban setting Robert L. Anderson
0590095 Control sanitation cut Robert L. Anderson
0590096 Control stump removal in urban setting Robert L. Anderson
1247013 Control Tree removal. Atlanta, GA. 1972. Terry Price
1247020 Control Dr. Tom Payne, Monroe County, GA Verbenone flake application. Calibrating equipment on Georgia Forestry Commission helicopter Terry Price
1247044 Control Salvage operation. West Georgia. August 1992 Terry Price
1247045 Control Salvage operation. West Georgia. August 1992 Terry Price
1247062 Control Salvage operation. 1973. Terry Price
1247117 Control Salvage operation Terry Price
1247175 Control Salvage operation. 1979 Terry Price
1247127 Control Salvage operation. 1988. Terry Price
1247128 Control Salvage Terry Price
1247283 Control Salvaged area. 1974 Terry Price
1247286 Control Salvage logs Terry Price
1247287 Control Salvage operation. 1979. Terry Price
1247288 Control Salvage logs. 1974. Terry Price
1247289 Control Salvage logs. 1974 Terry Price
1247291 Control Salvage logs. 1973 Terry Price
1348008 Control Aerial view of cut and leave treatment Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348009 Control Aerial view of cut and leave treatment Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1247274 Control Salvage operation. 1974 Terry Price
1247275 Control Salvage operation. 1974 Terry Price
1247276 Control Salvage operation. 1974 Terry Price
3225029 Control cut-and-leave Ronald F. Billings
3225030 Control aerial photo with cut buffer Ronald F. Billings
3225032 Control aerial view of salvage operation Ronald F. Billings
3225039 Control cut-and-leave -- ground view Ronald F. Billings
3225040 Control cut-and-leave Ronald F. Billings
3225041 Control spraying tree with backpack sprayer, showing protective gear Ronald F. Billings
3226071 Control cut & leave Ronald F. Billings
2733007 Control attacks from SPB and Ips engravers can be prevented in standing trees by applying the insecticide to the entire outer bark surface University of Georgia Archive
3225021 Control Verbenone packet on tree Ronald F. Billings
2108036 Control Once the beetle spot is controlled, felled and standing dead trees trees should be harvested and utilized to reduce economic losses, as seen in this salvage operations in Olancho Region, Honduras. Ronald F. Billings
2108037 Control Once the beetle spot is controlled, felled and standing dead trees trees should be harvested and utilized to reduce economic losses, as seen in this salvage operations in Nicaragua Ronald F. Billings
2108049 Control Vicente Espino and debarkers. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2107099 Control Feb 1984, helicopter salvage, at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2107100 Control Feb 1984, loggers at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108001 Control Feb 1984, Tree felling with jacks at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108002 Control Feb 1984, Helicopter logging at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108003 Control May 1986, tree crusher, used to prepare SPB devastated area for reforestation. Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2107096 Control Columbia helicopter at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108015 Control chainsaw on bike used for control. Olancho Region, Honduras; January, 2005 Ronald F. Billings
2108016 Control Child debarking tree. Olancho Region, Honduras; January, 2005 Ronald F. Billings
2108017 Control Child debarking tree. Olancho Region, Honduras; January, 2005 Ronald F. Billings
2108018 Control Cut and leave treatment. Olancho Region, Honduras; January, 2005 Ronald F. Billings
2108019 Control cut and leave crew Ronald F. Billings
2108020 Control cut-and-leave worker on horseback with chainsaw Ronald F. Billings
2108021 Control Before transporting infested logs from the site, it is recommended that the logs be debarked, to avoid transporting the beetles to other areas. Olancho Region, Honduras 2005 Ronald F. Billings
2108022 Control Debarkers. Olancho Region, Honduras 2005 Ronald F. Billings
2108008 Control Logging Sep 1983 at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
1748061 Control Verbenone treatment Robert L. Anderson
1748064 Control sanitation cut in urban setting Robert L. Anderson
1450042 Control cut and leave treatment of 17-year old planted stand, stand basal area 120 square feet Billy Humphries
1247266 Damage 1974 Terry Price
1517010 Damage Southern pine beetle spot fron ground level William A. Carothers
1748065 Damage pitch tubes-closeup Robert L. Anderson
1748066 Damage spot on hillside Robert L. Anderson
1748062 Damage in urban interface Robert L. Anderson
1748063 Damage pitch tubes Robert L. Anderson
1669051 Damage pitch tubes Southern Forest Insect Work Conference Archive
1669054 Damage pitched out beetle Ronald F. Billings
1929027 Damage pitch tubes Tim Tigner
2089069 Damage Blue stain fungus introduced by attack. Note reduced radial growth as evidenced by narrowing growth rings. Lacy L. Hyche
2089070 Damage exit holes of new brood adults Lacy L. Hyche
2108027 Damage Stage 3 - small, circular exit holes in the bark. Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108028 Damage In expanding infestations, here stages of attack can be distinguished: stage 1 with green foliage, soft pitch tubes in the bark crevices and with the wood surface having a white color (without bark beetle galleries); stage 2 with fading or yellow crown, serpentine galleries under the bark, and the surface of the wood being brown in color; stage 3 with a red or maroon crown (or without foliage) and with small, circular exit holes in the bark. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108029 Damage Stage 1 - soft pitch tubes in the bark crevices and with the wood surface having a white color (without bark beetle galleries). Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108032 Damage tree with large number of pitch tubes. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108023 Damage Dense stand killed by southern pine beetle. Jano, Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2089091 Damage Typical pitch tubes on bark Lacy L. Hyche
2108043 Damage Pitch tube. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108044 Damage outbreak in Olancho, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108045 Damage Pitch tubes. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108046 Damage Pitch tubes indicating attacks of adult SPB on the trunk of a pine tree. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108047 Damage spots in Culmi, Honduras 2005 Ronald F. Billings
2108048 Damage Stage 1 tree. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2733004 Damage pitch tubes Terry Price
2733005 Damage boring dust Terry Price
3225010 Damage pitch tube, close-up Ronald F. Billings
2721076 Damage Upland Island Wilderness Angelina, Texas, Three years after southern pine beetle outbreak Ronald F. Billings
4178042 Damage aerial view of 5 yr. old loblolly plantation with cut buffer strip Ronald F. Billings
3225034 Damage aerial view of spot - Texas Ronald F. Billings
4178009 Damage pitch tube with beetle stuck in pitch. Note boring dust below pitch tube. Erich G. Vallery
1394085 Damage damage from woodpeckers preying on beetles. Delmarva peninsula James B. Hanson
1394086 Damage loblolly pine salvage due to Southern pine beetle damage. Wet logging conditions on Delmarva Peninsula, Pocomoke State Forest James B. Hanson
1411023 Damage James Denny Ward
1411013 Damage James Denny Ward
1411061 Damage James Denny Ward
1247145 Damage Monroe County, GA 1979 Terry Price
1247146 Damage Stewart County, GA. 1996. Terry Price
1247225 Damage Wormsloe plantation, Chatham County, GA 1974 Ollie Knott
1247130 Damage Highway 985, GA. Infesting young trees. Terry Price
1247213 Damage Monroe County. 1979 Terry Price
1247214 Damage Highway 985, GA. Infesting young trees Terry Price
1247178 Damage Wormsloe plantation, Chatham County, GA. 1974 Terry Price
1247181 Damage Bluestain in beetle-killed log Terry Price
1247059 Damage White county, GA. 1988. Terry Price
1247060 Damage Spot, looking up. Ollie Knott
1247093 Damage Terry Price
1247096 Damage Terry Price
1247098 Damage Oconee National Forest Terry Price
1247099 Damage Terry Price
1247102 Damage Terry Price
1247108 Damage Terry Price
1247110 Damage Terry Price
1247112 Damage Terry Price
1247116 Damage Carter's lake, GA. 1988. Terry Price
0745060 Damage adult on pitch tube Erich G. Vallery
0745061 Damage pitch tube and adult Erich G. Vallery
0745053 Damage cut log showing blue stain Erich G. Vallery
0745096 Damage pitch tubes on slash pine Erich G. Vallery
0745097 Damage pitch tubes Erich G. Vallery
0758101 Damage

Two active multiple tree spots

William M. Ciesla
0758102 Damage

Aerial view of a multiple tree spot.

William M. Ciesla
0758103 Damage

Aerial view of fading and dead pines in a large spot.

William M. Ciesla
0758104 Damage

Aerial view is a large infestation.

William M. Ciesla
0758105 Damage

Aerial view of a large infestation in the Four Notch Wilderness candidate study area.

William M. Ciesla
0758106 Damage

Aerial view of a large infestation at Four Notch Wilderness Study Area

William M. Ciesla
0949001 Damage pitch tubes on Spruce pine James R. Meeker
0949003 Damage attacking slash pine James R. Meeker
1247002 Damage Spot treated with verbenone for control. Monroe County, GA. 1979. Terry Price
1247003 Damage Spot treated with Verbenone for control. Monroe County, GA. 1979. Terry Price
1150011 Damage pitch tube Andrew J. Boone
1150053 Damage just across the Georgia-South Carolina line on I-85 near Lake Hartwell State Park Chuck Bargeron
1150054 Damage just across the Georgia-South Carolina line on I-85 near Lake Hartwell State Park Chuck Bargeron
1150055 Damage just across the Georgia-South Carolina line on I-85 near Lake Hartwell State Park Chuck Bargeron
1150056 Damage Chuck Bargeron
1150057 Damage Chuck Bargeron
1150058 Damage Chuck Bargeron
1150095 Damage white pitch tube Chuck Bargeron
1150096 Damage fresh pink pitch tube Chuck Bargeron
0949005 Damage late- instar larvae and pupae in outer bark James R. Meeker
0949009 Damage pitch tubes on loblolly pine James R. Meeker
1150008 Damage green needle drop caused by southern pine beetle attack Andrew J. Boone
0745078 Damage pitch tubes & pitchout on loblolly pine Erich G. Vallery
0745079 Damage pitch tubes & pitchout on loblolly pine - close up Erich G. Vallery
0745080 Damage in slash stand Erich G. Vallery
0745081 Damage pitch flow Erich G. Vallery
0590092 Damage infestation in urban setting Robert L. Anderson
0284029 Damage pine killed by beetle with blues stain fungus, a cross section of log Ronald F. Billings
0284024 Damage adult beetle and pitch tube Ronald F. Billings
0014307 Damage ground view of spot Andrew J. Boone
0014308 Damage blue stain in sapwood of pine killed by beetle Southern Forest Insect Work Conference Archive
0284016 Damage Trees infested in winter showing loss of bark due to woodpecker feeding, even on green-crowned trees. Ronald F. Billings
0284017 Damage winter-infested trees in which bark has been removed by woodpeckers Ronald F. Billings
0284018 Damage spot adjacent to infested logs on loading deck Robert A. Sommers
0284019 Damage close up of a tree showing pitch tubes and adult emergence holes Ronald F. Billings
0284020 Damage pitch tubes Gerald J. Lenhard
0010156 Damage aerial shot of the outbreak James Denny Ward
0007064 Damage Richard Spriggs
0007065 Damage Richard Spriggs
0010113 Damage Salvage operation on active spot Andrew J. Boone
0010114 Damage Multiple spots converge. Andrew J. Boone
0010127 Damage Rapid spot spread in unthinned pine Andrew J. Boone
0010159 Damage pitch out David J. Moorhead
0010160 Damage newly killed stand (2001) with ongoing salvage before clearcut David J. Moorhead
0010161 Damage plantations on the hillsides killed during 2000-2001 David J. Moorhead
0010162 Damage salvage clearcut David J. Moorhead
0013079 Damage exit holes Chuck Bargeron
0013080 Damage Small southern pine beetle infestation. Detection of many SPB infestations in Honduras is conducted from the ground, due to mountainous terrain. Ronald F. Billings
0014213 Damage boring dust Gerald J. Lenhard
0014225 Damage boring dust Gerald J. Lenhard
0013097 Damage attacked pines and adjacent uninfested trees felled to halt advancing SPB outbreak, 1982.; Yoro Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
0013094 Damage Expanding SPB spot. High priority for detection and ground check (more faders than red-topped pines). Ronald F. Billings
0013095 Damage Aerial view of large, uncontrolled, expanding infestation of southern pine beetle, August, 1993. Ronald F. Billings
0010164 Damage dead and thinning crowns David J. Moorhead
0013085 Damage Expanding infestation of southern pine beetle Ronald F. Billings
0013088 Damage Large, expanding SPB infestation, 1993; Upland Island Wilderness Area Ronald F. Billings
0013089 Damage Typical of inactive SPB infestation (lacks trees with fading crowns). Low priority for detection or ground check. Ronald F. Billings
0013090 Damage Small southern pine beetle infestation showing very little recent activity. Low priority for detection or ground check. Ronald F. Billings
0013091 Damage Large, expanding SPB infestation; high priority for ground check. Many trees with fading crowns; advancing in multiple directions. Ronald F. Billings
0013093 Diagram or Graphic USDA Forest Service Archive
0013083 Diagram or Graphic Monthly frequency of southern pine beetle spots detected by aerial surveyin Western Gulf states (used in Spanish handbook on aerial detection) Ronald F. Billings
0013084 Diagram or Graphic Seasonal patterns of new infestation detection for southern pine beetle in Honduras. Ronald F. Billings
0013096 Diagram or Graphic Diagram in Spanish describing how to apply cut-and-remove for SPB control. Ronald F. Billings
0013099 Diagram or Graphic Diagram in Spanish describing how to apply cut-and-leave to control SPB infestations. Ronald F. Billings
1247068 Diagram or Graphic Showing buffer strip for control. Terry Price
1247049 Diagram or Graphic Map showing beetle infestations in Georgia, 1961-1962. Terry Price
3225043 Diagram or Graphic diagram of expanding infestation Ronald F. Billings
1512094 Diagram or Graphic USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
2108042 Diagram or Graphic Drawing by Richard Kliefoth, Boyce Thompson Institute; The developmental stages of the southern pine beetle consist of egg, larva, pupa, and adult; the life cycle lasts 4-6 weeks within the tree and a few days outside. Ronald F. Billings
1510092 Diagram or Graphic Art - SPB spot growth USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510004 Diagram or Graphic Art - Key for SPB spot tree types USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510005 Diagram or Graphic Art - SPB "cut and leave" USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510006 Diagram or Graphic Art - SPB "cut and remove" USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
2109074 Display or Sign SPB Billboard on I-75 in Florida Albert (Bud) Mayfield
3225042 Distribution Map showing U.S. outbreak occurrence Texas Forest Service Archive
0284025 Egg(s) 1.5 mm x 1 mm in size USDA Forest Service Archive
0013081 Equipment Small, high-winged aircraft are used for aerial detection of southern pine beetle infestations and other forest pests. Note survey maps mounted on roller devices for sketch-mpping. Ronald F. Billings
0284021 Feature(s) boring dust accumulated in spider webs at base of attacked tree, useful symptom of fresh bark beetle attack (stage 1) Ronald F. Billings
1247052 Feature(s) Woodpecker beak marks on infested tree Terry Price
1247053 Feature(s) Woodpecker beak marks on infested tree. Terry Price
1247023 Feature(s) Pitch tubes Terry Price
1247081 Feature(s) Pupal cells, exit holes, and woodpecker beak marks. With a southern pine sawyer egg-laying pit at top of photo. Terry Price
1247086 Feature(s) Pitch tubes Terry Price
1247087 Feature(s) Pitch tubes. Terry Price
1247132 Feature(s) Pitch tubes Terry Price
1507061 Feature(s) SPB - blue stain associated with attack USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1507063 Feature(s) SPB - "Popcorn" resin tubes; next to actual popcorn for comparison USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
2161031 Feature(s) elytra have fine to coarse rubosites between rows of obscure to distinct punctures. the elytral declivity is convex; USA. Mississippi, Winston Co, Noxubee N.W. Refuge, 17-24 March 1997, R.A. Tisdale Pest and Diseases Image Library
1458018 Feature(s) size compared to rice North Carolina Forest Service Archive
5155023 Feature(s) declivity at end of elytra J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5155024 Feature(s) face groove J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5289032 Feature(s) pitch tubes Erich G. Vallery
5155031 Feature(s) protibia J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5155028 Feature(s) pitch tube J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5155029 Feature(s) pitch tubes J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5289044 Feature(s) pitch tube formed with adults attacking Erich G. Vallery
5289045 Feature(s) pitch tube formed with adults attacking Erich G. Vallery
5289048 Feature(s) pitch tube Erich G. Vallery
5289049 Feature(s) pitch tube with attacking adults Erich G. Vallery
5289050 Feature(s) emergence holes Erich G. Vallery
5155021 Feature(s) antennae J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
5289026 Galleries Erich G. Vallery
5155026 Galleries J.R. Baker & S.B. Bambara
2733002 Galleries egg galleries and larvae Terry Price
1510056 Galleries Southern pine beetle egg galleries USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
2089071 Galleries typical gallery pattern of adults Lacy L. Hyche
1929021 Galleries galleries and larvae Tim Tigner
1929022 Galleries adult galleries that failed to produce brood Tim Tigner
2089092 Galleries Lacy L. Hyche
2108050 Galleries Vicente Espino and horizontal SPB galleries. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108040 Galleries Galleries under the bark in the form of "S", filled with boring dust, characterize attacks by the SPB. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108041 Galleries Stage 2 - serpentine galleries under the bark, and the surface of the wood being brown in color. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
3225031 Galleries Stage 1 tree (fresh attack) with beetle and pitch tubes Ronald F. Billings
3225036 Galleries and larvae (stage 2) Ronald F. Billings
3225037 Galleries with blue stain and adults Ronald F. Billings
3225038 Galleries with larvae and bluestain Ronald F. Billings
3225027 Galleries with blue stain Ronald F. Billings
3225028 Galleries with pine sawyer feeding Ronald F. Billings
1411001 Galleries James Denny Ward
1361007 Galleries Terry Price
1361008 Galleries Note the larval galleries terminating at the blue stain border Terry Price
1411008 Galleries James Denny Ward
1411009 Galleries James Denny Ward
1247241 Galleries O-shaped gallery. Southern pine sawyer larvae also in picture. Oconee National Forest Terry Price
1247242 Galleries O-shaped gallery. Oconee National Forest Terry Price
1247224 Galleries Oconee National Forest Terry Price
1247024 Galleries Low density galleries Terry Price
1247025 Galleries Low density galleries Terry Price
1247026 Galleries With clerid larva in center Terry Price
1247033 Galleries Low density gallery Terry Price
1247036 Galleries Oconee National Forest, GA. 1979 Terry Price
0284022 Galleries 'S' shaped egg galleries produced by female beneath bark of attacked tree; typical of winter season; note lack of sawyer galleries and blue stain fungus. Ronald F. Billings
0284023 Galleries blue-stain fungus and sawyer galleries interfere with brood development; typical in summer months Ronald F. Billings
0745085 Galleries W.H. Bennett
1236122 Galleries Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series
0949004 Galleries egg, niches, larval mines and larvae James R. Meeker
0745054 Galleries with clerid larvae Erich G. Vallery
0745067 Galleries showing blue stain Erich G. Vallery
0745055 Infestation view of spot Erich G. Vallery
0745005 Infestation Inactive SPB spot (no faders) Ronald F. Billings
0745006 Infestation aerial view of spot at Four Notch proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, 1983 Ronald F. Billings
0745008 Infestation aerial view of initial spot with spread Ronald F. Billings
0745009 Infestation view of spot USDA Forest Service - Pineville Archive
0745010 Infestation aerial view of spot Ronald F. Billings
0745011 Infestation aerial view of spot Ronald F. Billings
1247001 Infestation Madison County, Georgia. 1973 Terry Price
1247006 Infestation Spot. Chatham County, GA. 1974. Terry Price
1247007 Infestation Monroe County, GA. 1979. Terry Price
1150009 Infestation spots showing the effect of ecosystem management Andrew J. Boone
0745093 Infestation early stage of spot Erich G. Vallery
0284004 Infestation infestation-spot in 8 year old pine plantation, note residual overstory tree where attack was initiated Steve Cade
0284005 Infestation infestation-spot Gerald J. Lenhard
0284006 Infestation infestation-spot Ronald F. Billings
0284007 Infestation This is the first of a series of photos illustrating the rapid expansion of the Four Notch, Texas infestation without control; Taken in April 1983 when infestation contained ca. 10 acres Ronald F. Billings
0284010 Infestation infestation-spots Gerald J. Lenhard
0284011 Infestation Several uncontrolled infestations from large spot in Four Notch Area showing 3400 acres killed by SPB. February 1984; last of series Ronald F. Billings
0284012 Infestation infestation moving into smaller tree plantation at Indian Mounds Wilderness, 1993. Ronald F. Billings
0284013 Infestation 250 foot buffer strip, cut to control infestation, August 1983 Ronald F. Billings
0355021 Infestation infestation moving from right to left, note yellow faders on left Robert L. Anderson
1247043 Infestation Wormsloe, Chatham Coutny, GA. 1974. Terry Price
1247054 Infestation Wormsloe Plantation, Chatham County, GA. 1974 Terry Price
1247056 Infestation Northeast Georgia. 1973. Paul Butts
1247050 Infestation Northeast Georgia. 1973. Paul Butts
1247047 Infestation Northeast Georgia. 1973. Paul Butts
1247126 Infestation Wormsloe plantation, Chatham County, GA. 1974. Ollie Knott
1247173 Infestation Wormsloe Plantation, Chatham County, GA. 1974 Ollie Knott
1247247 Infestation Northeast Georgia. 1973 Terry Price
1247230 Infestation North Georgia, 1975 Paul Butts
1247236 Infestation North Georiga. 1973 Paul Butts
1247305 Infestation Northeast Georgia. 1973. Terry Price
1348001 Infestation Three new spots Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348002 Infestation Spot near a residential area Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348003 Infestation Large spot area Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348004 Infestation Large spot area Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348005 Infestation Large spot area Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348007 Infestation Large spot Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1247216 Infestation Wormsloe plantation, Chatham County, GA 1974. Ollie Knott
1247217 Infestation Northeast Georgia. 1973 Terry Price
1247183 Infestation Madison County, GA. 1974 Terry Price
1247190 Infestation 1973 Terry Price
1247191 Infestation Near Hartwell, GA. 1974 Paul Butts
1247192 Infestation 1975 Paul Butts
1247193 Infestation Texas Ronald F. Billings
1247196 Infestation 1975 Paul Butts
1247198 Infestation 1975 Paul Butts
1247201 Infestation Salvage operation Paul Butts
1247204 Infestation Northeast Georgia 1975 Terry Price
1247206 Infestation 1975 Terry Price
1247210 Infestation 1973 Terry Price
1411011 Infestation James Denny Ward
1411012 Infestation James Denny Ward
1411005 Infestation James Denny Ward
1411006 Infestation James Denny Ward
1411007 Infestation James Denny Ward
1247278 Infestation Wormsloe plantation, Chatham County, GA. 1974 Ollie Knott
1247281 Infestation Wormsloe plantation, Chatham County, GA. 1974 Ollie Knott
1348010 Infestation Large spot in mountainous area Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348011 Infestation Faders Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348013 Infestation Spots Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348014 Infestation Large spot in hilly terrain Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348016 Infestation Many spots Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348017 Infestation Many spots Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348019 Infestation Many spots in mountainous terrain Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348020 Infestation Old and new spots Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348021 Infestation Spot Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348022 Infestation Faders Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348023 Infestation Faders Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348025 Infestation Spot in young pines Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348026 Infestation Spots Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348027 Infestation Small spot Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348029 Infestation Two-pronged spot Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348030 Infestation Spot in suburban setting Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1348032 Infestation Spot in young plantation Frank M. Riley, Jr.
1507064 Infestation SPB active spot; USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1507065 Infestation SPB multi-acre spot USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510001 Infestation Southern pine beetle spot - small USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510002 Infestation Southern pine beetle spot - massive USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510003 Infestation Southern pine beetle spot USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1411017 Infestation James Denny Ward
1411018 Infestation stood dead for years due to lack of other borers; James Denny Ward
1411028 Infestation James Denny Ward
1411037 Infestation James Denny Ward
2733006 Infestation infestation showing the different stages of needle fade Terry Price
2733001 Infestation view of spot Terry Price
3225018 Infestation Aerial detection survey, cover photo of "How to Conduct a Southern Pine Beetle Aerial Detection Survey" by USDA Forest Service Ronald F. Billings
3225033 Infestation aerial view of spot with direction of movement indicated USDA Forest Service Archive
2108038 Infestation Aerial view of a bark beetle infestation in a pine forest in the Olancho Forest Region, Honduras. Ronald F. Billings
2108039 Infestation Infestation. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108083 Infestation Indian Mound Wilderness July 24, 1992 Ronald F. Billings
2108084 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness August 25, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108085 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness August 25, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108086 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness Sept 27, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108087 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness March 6, 1997 Ronald F. Billings
2108088 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness Snoopy Plantation July 26, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108089 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness Snoopy Plantation August 25, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108090 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness SPB spread to private lands HWY 83. September 1993. Ronald F. Billings
2108091 Infestation Turkey Hill Wilderness July 27, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108092 Infestation Turkey Hill Wilderness August 25, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108093 Infestation SPB spots controlled cut and leave April 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108094 Infestation Indian Mound Wilderness Feb 8, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108095 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness Sept 29, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108096 Infestation Little Lake Creek Wilderness Oct 7, 1992 Ronald F. Billings
2108097 Infestation Little Lake Creek Wilderness Oct 7, 1992 Ronald F. Billings
2108098 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness Feb 8, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108099 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness June 2, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2108100 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness June 2, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2109001 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness July 26, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2109002 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness July 26, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2109003 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness July 26, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2109004 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness August 25, 2005 Ronald F. Billings
2109005 Infestation Indian Mounds Wilderness August 25, 1993 Ronald F. Billings
2107089 Infestation April 11, 1983 at Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest Ronald F. Billings
2107090 Infestation April 11, 1983 at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2107091 Infestation April 1984 Helicopter logging at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2107092 Infestation August 1983 at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2107093 Infestation August 2, 1983, buffer at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2107094 Infestation August 2, 1983 at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2107095 Infestation August 2, 1993, Fish eye view of Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2107097 Infestation Feb 1984, Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2107098 Infestation Feb 1984, Helicopter over landing at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108005 Infestation July 1983, Aerial at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108006 Infestation June 1983 at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108007 Infestation June 9, 1993 at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108009 Infestation Nov 11, 1983 at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108010 Infestation Oct 13, 1993 at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108011 Infestation Sept 21, 1983 at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108012 Infestation Sept 21, 1983, buffer in plantation at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
2108013 Infestation Sept 21, 1983, buffer at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas Ronald F. Billings
1929023 Infestation infestation, aerial view Tim Tigner
1929024 Infestation spot with two heads, aerial view Tim Tigner
1929025 Infestation large area infestation, Virginia Piedmont Tim Tigner
1929026 Infestation rapidly advancing infestation, aerial view Tim Tigner
1520110 Infestation SPB attack on hillside USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1520111 Infestation Large SPB spot from the air USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1520112 Infestation USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510094 Infestation Aerial shot of an SPB spot USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1517011 Infestation Southern pine beetle; aerial view William A. Carothers
1510091 Infestation SPB spot from air William A. Carothers
5289027 Larva(e) in gallery Erich G. Vallery
5289043 Larva(e) Erich G. Vallery
1520109 Life Cycle USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
0284027 Life Cycle outer bark stripped to show callow adult (Stage 2) Ronald F. Billings
0284015 Life Cycle life stages and gallery pattern; Painting by Richard Kliefoth, Boyce Thompson Institute Ronald F. Billings
1411044 Management buffer strip; James Denny Ward
1411045 Management buffer strip; James Denny Ward
1411046 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411047 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411048 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411049 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411050 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411051 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411052 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411053 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411054 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411055 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411058 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411014 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411015 Management 16 km buffer strip; James Denny Ward
1411016 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411068 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411069 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411070 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411071 Management buffer strip James Denny Ward
1411004 Management SPB attack; cut and leave operation; James Denny Ward
1510095 Management Spraying insecticide on cut log's bark (SPB) USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510096 Management Spraying insecticide on cut log - SPB cut-&-spray USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510062 Management Southern pine beetle cut-&-spray crew USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
1510090 Management SPB control crew USDA Forest Service - Region 8 Archive
2108014 Management Forests weakened frequently by fires are more susceptible to bark beetle attack. Ronald F. Billings
2108024 Management The forests that are most susceptible to bark beetle attack are characterized by a high density. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108025 Management The forests that are most susceptible to bark beetle attack are characterized by a high density. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108026 Management The forests that are most susceptible to bark beetle attack are characterized by a high density. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108051 Management Pines utilized for resin production and burned frequently attract bark beetles and should be eliminated from the stand. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
9009022 Management Chainsaw operator on horseback in Honduras, part odf a cut-and-leave control crew used to treat southern pine beetle infestations Ronald F. Billings
2108033 People Ron Billings with large SPB killed pine log. Olancho Region, Honduras Ronald F. Billings
2108034 People Ron Billings and Vicente Espino examining pine tree Ronald F. Billings
2108035 People Ron Billings in SPB spot Ronald F. Billings
2108004 People July 14, 1983, Public hearing at Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area, Sam Houston National Forest, Texas; Ned Fritz, center, with glasses (Texas Committee on Natural Resources) and George Russell (Lone Star Chapter Sierra Club) seated to his left, protesting US Forest Service plans to control SPB infestations on the Four Notch Proposed Wilderness Area. Ronald F. Billings
5289047 Pupa(e) in pupal chambers Erich G. Vallery
5289033 Pupa(e) Erich G. Vallery
5289034 Pupa(e) Erich G. Vallery
0284026 Pupa(e) outer bark stripped away to show pupae Ronald F. Billings
0284030 Research Explosion of denonation cord to simulate lightning strike. Used to predispose live pines to bark beetle attack for research purposes. Ronald F. Billings
0745069 Research simulated lighting strike using detonating cord done by USAF Bomb Squad Peter L. Lorio, Jr.
0758215 Research Color aerial photo of a large infestation William M. Ciesla
0758216 Research Vertical color infrared aerial photo with a southern pine beetle infestation William M. Ciesla
0758217 Research Vertical color infrared aerial photo showing placment of a 50 acre sample plot and stratification of host type for survey designed to estimate losses caused by southern pine beetle William M. Ciesla
0758219 Research Vertical color infrared aerial photo showing a large southern pine beetle infestation William M. Ciesla
0758220 Research Vertical color infrared aerial photo of a large southern pine beetle infestation (yellow-green colored crowns at photo center) William M. Ciesla
0758221 Research Color infrared aerial photo of a large southern pine beetle infestation (yellow-green colored crowns). William M. Ciesla
0758222 Research Map of the Oak Ridge Atomic Energy Reservation, TN showing placement of aerial photo plots for estimating tree mortality caused by this insect. William M. Ciesla
0758223 Research Map of the Francis Marion National Forest, SC showing placment of aerial photo sample plots used to estimate level of tree mortality. William M. Ciesla
0758224 Research Bob Bassett, USDA Forest Service, annotates color infrared aerial photos for assessment of a southern pine beetle outbreak. William M. Ciesla
0758225 Research Emmett Wilson and Bob Bassett, USDA Forest Service, annotate color infrared aerial photos for assessment of southern pine beetle outbreaks. William M. Ciesla
4178004 Research resin sampling on southern pine tree Erich G. Vallery
4178005 Research resin sampling on southern pine tree Erich G. Vallery
4178007 Research Resin Sampling on southern pine Erich G. Vallery
4178008 Research pine bolts stacked against pine tree in an attempt to induce infestation Erich G. Vallery
0013082 Survey Aerial sketch map with flight lines. Flight lines are drawn onto 15-minute quadrangle maps for southern pine beetle detection flights. During flights, the location, size, and ground check priority are recorded on the map when new SPB infestations are located. Ronald F. Billings
1411067 Survey prepared for ground checking SPB. James Denny Ward
1361011 Trap(s) Frontalin attractant Terry Price
3225020 Trap(s) Ronald Billings servicing Lindgren funnel trap Texas Forest Service Archive
3225022 Trap(s) Bill Upton, Texas Forest Service servicing Lindgren funnel trap for bark beetle monitoring Ronald F. Billings
3225023 Trap(s) Bill Upton servicing Lindgren funnel trap used for bark beetle monitoring Ronald F. Billings
3225024 Trap(s) flight traps in field Ronald F. Billings
3225025 Trap(s) close-up of Lindgren funnel trap set-up Ronald F. Billings
3225026 Trap(s) close-up of bark beetle flight trap set-up Ronald F. Billings
1458102 Trap(s) North Carolina Forest Service Archive
5005007 Trap(s) Czech forester Vladimir Cizek and SPB trap with new baits Ronald F. Billings
5005008 Trap(s) Czech forester Vladimir Cizek and SPB pheromone trap Ronald F. Billings
5005037 Trap(s) pheromone trap with frontalin & turpentine sleeve Ronald F. Billings


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