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The U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service is a Federal agency that manages public lands in national forests and grasslands. The Forest Service is also the largest forestry research organization in the world, and provides technical and financial assistance to state and private forestry agencies. Gifford Pinchot, the first Chief of the Forest Service, summed up the purpose of the Forest Service—"to provide the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people in the long run."

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Image	Subject Name	Description
5482895	survey	A Lindgren Funnel Trap hangs in a USDA Forest Service study site. Lindgren funnel traps are a series of black funnels suspended one on top of the other from a branch or rope between two trees. At the bottom of the funnels is a container with ethanol or ethanol/propylene glycol mix (or some other preservative).?
5482894	survey	Lindgren Funnel Traps hang between pine trees in a USDA Forest Service study site. Lindgren funnel traps are a series of black funnels suspended one on top of the other from a branch or rope between two trees. At the bottom of the funnels is a container with ethanol or ethanol/propylene glycol mix (or some other preservative).?
5486104	fuelwood
5484319	fire
5484217	pine straw
5476192	fire
5476233	bridge
5485683	field preparation
5483992	soil & water	Erosion
5476237	bridge
5487682	mixed species stands
5482900	root zone excavation
5476226	building	The USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station Headquarters office in Asheville, NC.
5487681	mixed species stands
5483989	prescribed fire	A prescribed fire burns on the edge of a longleaf pine tree stand.
5483988	fire
5484318	prescribed fire
5476179	pallet manufacturing
5476201	mulching
5485667	prescribed fire
5485094	harvest	Circa 1930's. Timber Harvest.
5485088	harvesting	Circa 1930's. Men use donkeys to aid in the clearing/harvesting process.
5485119	prescribed fire
5484317	fire
5484545	pallet manufacturing
5476178	pallet manufacturing
5477610	soil & water	Sandbags act as a buffer against incoming water and waves for these coastal homes.
5475584	seedlings
5485331	clearcut
5483973	clearcut
5484316	prescribed fire
5483974	clearcut
5484532	prescribed fire	A USDA Forest Service worker lights a line of fire with a drip torch during a prescribed burn.
5484531	prescribed fire
5484530	prescribed fire
5487468	prescribed fire
5483020	prescribed fire
5491386	prescribed fire
5483017	prescribed fire
5483019	fire
5483016	prescribed fire	An ATV is utilized for observing and containing a prescribed burn.
5483015	prescribed fire
5491384	prescribed fire
5491385	prescribed fire
5483013	prescribed fire
5483011	fire
5483012	fire
5488021	fire
5484294	nursery operations
5488020	prescribed fire
5491377	fire
5491378	fire
5482945	prescribed fire
5484305	harvest
5487688	fire
5484282	harvesting
5484533	fire
5483008	fire
5492761	fire	Damaged red pine, Pagami Creek fire
5492762	fire	Pagami Creek fire, damaged jack and red pine
5492763	fire	Pagami Creek fire, damaged red pine
1593014	pruning (general)
5492722	illegal dumping	Garbage dumps in woods.
5492723	illegal dumping	Garbage dump in woods
5484543	lumber and building materials
5487687	fire
5488347	harvest
5483007	prescribed fire
5488346	fire	A Delayed Aerial Ignition Device (DAID) mounted on a helicopter is used to light a controlled burn.
5488345	prescribed fire
5483005	prescribed fire
5483003	prescribed fire
5482999	prescribed fire
5482998	fire
5482997	fire
5488344	fire
5482996	prescribed fire
5484226	mixed species stands
5484225	meadow	The Appalachian Trail, leading to Max Patch.
5488266	mixed species stands
5485181	nursery operations
5484203	construction	A retaining wall is erected to help preserve a future walkway.
5484204	fire
5484202	construction	A retaining wall is erected as part of the construction for a new bridge.
5484201	construction	A worker fits a drainage pipe into a retaining wall during construction.
5485127	drainage	View upstream from a contracted rectangular weir.
5485666	construction	An access road near the Sutton Hole trail in Vogel State Park, Georgia, is improved.
5476236	bridge
5486110	harvest
5486134	salt marsh
5486133	salt marsh
5482901	nursery operations
5486108	lumber and building materials
5484205	field preparation
5482905	prescribed fire	A helicopter, loaded with a DAID (Delayed Aerial Ignition Device) fuels up before taking off again during a prescribed burn. The DAID works by using polystyrene balls, 1.25 inches in diameter, containing potassium permanganate. The balls are fed into a dispenser, generally mounted in a helicopter as is the case here, where they are injected with a water-glycol solution and then dropped through a chute leading out of the helicopter. The chemicals react thermally and ignite in 25-30 seconds. The space between ignition points on the ground is primarily a function of helicopter speed, gear ratio of the dispenser, and the number of chutes used (up to four).
5485378	harvesting
5486107	mulching
5486106	mulching
5485114	field preparation
5485082	harvesting
5485081	harvesting
5443519	prescribed fire	Fire char on Pinus strobus Sawdust accumulating at the tree base from unknown woodborer attack high in the tree
1593024	fire	Red pine plantation that had recently burned.
1518094	pesticides	everything has an LD50
1514020	pesticides	spray patterns based on air flow for a fixed wing aircraft
1514022	pesticides	spray pattern based on nozzle orientation
1513091	pesticides	nozzle position and pesticide dispersal patterns
1513092	pesticides	pesdicide flow patterns with air flow from aerial spray
1513089	pesticides
1511093	pesticides	Art - Nerve synapse function and insecticide mode of action
1509069	pesticide safety	Art - Improper loading of liquid into tank
1508081	pesticide safety	E.P.A. Seal
1508091	pesticides	Art - Salt as an early soil sterilant
1508059	pesticide safety	Art - Inhaling (siphoning) pesticide - DON'T
1508065	pesticide safety	Wash hands before eating
1508066	pesticide safety	Drinking water
1508044	pesticide safety	Art - "Size of spill determines action to be taken
1508051	pesticide safety	Art - Explosive release of pressure from drum
1508055	pesticide safety	Art - pesticides in passenger compartment - DON'T
1508056	pesticide safety	Art - "Transport only one day supply"
1507039	decay	Art - Hollow center due to rot
1507038	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Type & severity of rot
1507040	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Patterns of heartwood rot of stumps
1507041	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Diagrammatic rot column
1507042	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Diagram of rot column
1507043	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Patterns of decay absent heartwood
1507036	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - 1 tree = many healthy trees
1507030	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Healed vs. rotten branch stub
1507037	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Diagrammatic tree (healthy)
1507035	fire	Art - Fire injury
1507028	decay	Art - Wood inhabiting microorganizms..
1507029	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Healthy vs rotting pine
1506017	seedlings	Art - "Operate seedling lifters carefully"
1506022	seedlings	Art - "Loading too many bags"
1506023	seedlings	Art - "Jumping on seedlings... pulling..string..."
1506024	seedlings	Art - "Physical abuse"
1506026	seedlings	Art - "Sun, wind and dry air"
1506007	seedlings	Art - "Put spacers between bales..."
1506008	seedlings	Art - "Park seedlings in shade"
1506009	seedlings	Art - "Cover seedlings to protect them..."
1506001	seedlings	Art - "Protect seedlings from freezing"
1506002	seedlings	Art - "Remember the sun moves"
1506003	seedlings	Art - "Protect seedlings from..day..night..:
1506004	seedlings	Art - "Re-bag the torn bags"
1506005	seedlings	Art - "Never stack more tan 2 high..."
1506006	seedlings	Art - "Deliver a one-day supply..."
1505096	seedlings	Art - "It's a desert out there for those seedlings
1505095	risk tree	Art - Rotten tree fallen on house
1505099	root pruning	Art - "The early days of pruning"
1505091	decay	Art - Hollow resulting from decay
1505093	fire	Art - Trees after fire
1505094	fire	Art - Trees being wounded by fire
1505092	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - New wood formed is not affected by old rot
1514021	pesticides	nozzle spacing on a fixed wing aircraft
1506019	seedlings	Art - "Danger - high wind"
1506020	seedlings	Art - "Danger - dry day"
1506021	seedlings	Art - "Danger - high temp"
1506018	seedlings	Art - "Danger - Low moisture"
1505089	pruning (general)	Art - Improper pruning = serious problems
1505078	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Rot column moving up from a basal wound
1505079	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Outer core rot caused by a wound
1505081	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Art - Wounds, cause of decay & defect
1408037	pruning (general)	Cut dead brancheds as shown here. Do not injure or remove the callus ring...
1408036	flush cut	On the other side of the same sample, you can see where the dead branch was flushcut. The red arrow marks the limit of the cut, while the actual limit extended to the green arrow due to cambial dieback. Discolored sapwood spread to the purple arrows as a result of the cut.
1408035	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	This section of a naturally shed cherry branch shows the perennial smal pocket of decay within the branch collar. The red arrows indicate a protective zone formed by the tree as the branch began to die 11 years ago when the tree had eight rings of sapwood.
1512024	pesticides	Don't promise things which you can't deliver
1512002	pesticides	Art - ppm vs million - size concept backwards pp..
1511100	pesticide safety	Art - ".. Is it good to eat?"
1509068	pesticide safety	Art - Proper loading of liquid into tank
1508079	pesticide safety	Art - Oral ld52 explanation
1508080	pesticide safety	Art - Pesticide umbrella
1508078	pesticide safety	Art - Dermal ld50 explanation
1506025	seedlings	Art - "Dry soil"
1506016	seedlings	Art - "Running to fast tears the roots"
1506011	seedlings	Art - "Leave space for cold air to circulate"
1506012	seedlings	Art - "B careful not to tear the bags..."
1506013	seedlings	Art - "Pack seedlings with care"
1506015	seedlings	Art - "Hot and dry is great for people..."
1505097	seedlings	Art - "Do you think these roots are drying out?"
1505098	seedlings	Art - "Wind has a very strong drying effect..."
1506010	seedlings	Art - "Seedlings in cold storage - tooo long"
1118001	bottomland hardwoods	Minor bottoms schematic
1118002	bottomland hardwoods	Major bottom schematic
5475575	fire	A forest service employee fills his drip torch with fuel and gets ready for a controlled burn.
5476516	delimbing	Pull through delimber and sawbuck
5476514	delimbing	Pull through delimber
5476515	delimbing	Pull through delimber and sawbuck
5476190	lumber and building materials	Covington, La., September 20, 2005 - Debris composed of toppled trees and other vegetative matter is burned at a central site north of the city. Millions of trees in the eastern area of the state were destroyed by Hurricane Katrina's fierce winds. Win Henderson / FEMA ?
0976054	planting	hand tree planting in Ant Hill area in spring of 1952 with mattock
5468272	bottomland hardwoods	Swamp hardwoods, Mississippi River floodplain. River birch and silver maple.
5032004	building	McNeil Hall; University of Minnesota
0010071	nursery operations	Seedlings in fully-enclosed greenhouses are often moved to a shadehouse where the change in temperature and humidity aid the hardening process. Other nurseries remove the greenhouse covering during the latter part of the growing season to expose the crop to ambient conditions.
1207023	planting	Close-up view of a hoedad planting tool
1212096	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Extensive windthrow in forest growing on ash-cap soils; Walla Walla RD, Umatilla NF
1210042	mixed conifers of Southwestern Oregon	Dry mixed-conifer forest with ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir and Rocky Mountain juniper
1397039	topping	Poor maintenance practice
1395004	skidding
1420018	direct seeding	H-C two row furrow seeder, November 1962
1395003	skidding	Skidder
1395016	log yard	Air drying yard at sawmill
0808088	fire	Burned foot bridge, Tower fire at Winom Creek trail, North Fork John Day Ranger District
0808093	fire	Mosiac burn at upper elevations, Tower fire. Upper Winom Creek, North Fork John Day Ranger District
0808099	fire	High/moderate intensity burn, Tower fire area.
0808091	fire	High-intensity burned area seeded with native plants, Tower fire.
0808092	fire	Scorched tree with cambium showing, Tower fire.
0808087	fire	High-intensity burn in Tower fire (August, 1996) with unburned meadow.
0808078	fire	fire area, which burned in August, 1996. Wheeler Point, Heppner Ranger District
0808085	fire	Camera point T-96-6, view #1 initial take, Tower fire (August, 1996).
0808090	fire	showing Tower fire impacts. Upper Winom Creek, North Fork John Day Ranger District
0808097	fire	with actively burning fire scar, Tower fire.
1420104	fire	Severely burned saplings on Florida-Alabama line. 1950
1442191	harvesting	John Deere Harvester Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming June 1990
0976005	meadow	view of private land logging.
1442003	selection thinning	Rio Grande National Forest, Colorado
1442189	selection thinning	115-year old stand with residual basal area of 90 square feet per acre. Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. August, 1977
1420162	fire	Lighting strike initiated burn. Compartment 103. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. July 1959
1423027	fire	During spring burn, Escambia Experimental Forest, June 1971
1442192	harvesting	John Deere Harvester- front end Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. June 1990
1118211	improvement treatments	Improvement cut
1118203	thinning (stand)	Tree with epicormic branches 3 yrs post thin
1118204	thinning (stand)	Thinned upland black oak & white oak Ozark Nat. Forest.
1118200	thinning (stand)	Hardwood thinned for wildlife
1118202	thinning (stand)	Red oak-gum bottom
1118114	planting	Shelterwood being planted
1118096	planting	planted seedling in a WRP Field
1118035	mixed species stands	Mixed hardwood conifer uplands
1118036	mixed species stands	Mixed hardwood / conifer ridges
1118037	mixed species stands	Mixed hardwood / conifer ridges
0976040	unpaved roads and trails	nature trail through boggy area in lodgepole pine
0808051	thinning (stand)	Thinned stand on Pringle Falls Experimental Forest; Deschutes National Forest.
0806084	thinning (stand)	thinned stand with fall colors at Galloway Meadows; Boise Cascade lands, northeastern Oregon
0806087	grand fir, Douglas-fir, and associated species (Eastern Oregon and Washington)	Mixed-conifer forest in upper montane zone; San Carlos Ranger District, San Isabel National Forest, south-central Colorado
0796073	pesticides	air blast sprayer for insect control using dye for spray distribution study at Beech Creek Seed Orchard
0796081	pheromone traps
0796068	pesticides	spray distribution research by high pressure single nozzle ground sprayer with dye at seed orchard
0796069	pesticides	high pressure spray for insect control in seed orchard
0796070	pesticides	high pressure spray for insect control in seed orchard
1400082	harvesting	Aerial view of a harvest area, Upper Peninsula of Michigan
0976096	grand fir, Douglas-fir, and associated species (Eastern Oregon and Washington)	dense stand with diverse, forb-dominated undergrowth
1395019	lumber and building materials	sorting and stacking hardwood dimension parts
1420119	direct seeding	Broadcast seeded stand at age 5 on an old-field site. Compartment 63. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. January 1962
1442008	mechanical strip thinning	in Mountain Home, Wyoming
1395009	sawmill
1420159	precommercial thinning	Precommercial thinning in a sapling stand. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. November 1961
1118303	bottomland hardwoods	2-aged mixed stand, willow, white, and cherrybark oak
1399017	loading	Mercedes logging truck
0010044	nursery operations	Semi-controlled environments, like this shelterhouse, have sides which can be rolled-up to promote better cross ventilation. Shelterhouses produce one crop per season, and the seedlings benefit from exposure to ambient conditions during the Hardening Phase.
0016213	thinning (stand)	5th row thinning
1442149	thinning (stand)	Arapaho National Forest, Colorado 6-95
1442148	thinning (stand)	Arapaho National Forest, Colorado 6-95
1442147	thinning (stand)	Arapaho National Forest, Colorado 6-95
1118015	bottomland hardwoods	Flooding in sugarberry-elm-ash-pecan
1118032	bottomland hardwoods
1118034	bottomland hardwoods
1398231	shelterwood	Shelterwood in eastern white pine, Menominee Indian Reservation, WI
1118302	bottomland hardwoods	Maturing stand w/many hickory saplings
1408075	decay	Some hazards are obvious.
1408074	decay	Examine trees for indicators of internal problems when they are positioned where they could fall and damage property or injure people.
4723027	cultural practices	The most famous landmark on the Island of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia--Sokehs Rock, also called "The Diamond Head of micronesia"--is seen here from an agroforest on Lengur Islet, just off shore. Lengur is owned by a local family which farms it in traditional Pohnpei style; Cocos nucifera, Colocasia taro, and banana are prominent components. Feb. 1987. 158 degr. E. Long.; 7 degr. N. Lat.
4723021	cultural practices	This site in the Village of Shimizu, Island of Babelthuap, Republic of Palau, grew enough wood volume (Bagras eucalyptus, Eucalyptus deglupta) in 11 years to build the house, "pay" the portable sawmiller with half of the wood, and still have considerable wood left over. The slender trees in the center middle ground are betel nut palm (Areca catechu), and the palms in the background are coconut (Cocos nucifera.) Banana trees can also be seen behind the house. November, 1985.
4723022	cultural practices	This picture is a companion to Image 4723021, and shows the wood ( Bagras eucalyptus, Eucalyptus deglupta)left over from building the house and paying the sawmiller, from a site of less than 3 acres, and grown in 11 years. November 1985.
4723020	cultural practices	A fairly typical tropical Pacific island home agroforest, with betel nut palm (center foreground), banana, ti plant, and mango. Koror Island, Republic of Palau. 135 degrees E long.; 7 degrees N lat.
4723019	cultural practices	Agroforests on streep slopes, Tutuila Island. People in American Samoa have little flat land for agriculture, so farming takes place on steep slopes above the narrow coastal plane. Much of the native forest on Tutuila has been replaced with agroforest and various stages of fallow. Local custom allows a family to claim land within their clan lands by clearing it of forest. This view is to the SE from the ridge above the Village of Alega, 17 degrees 38 min. W Long.; 14 degrees 17 min. S. Lat. Photo taken July, 1984.
1118016	bottomland hardwoods	Young elm-ash-sugar berry
1395029	lumber and building materials	"Backing boards" from veneer plant
1397045	cracks or splits	split crotch and chain
1398177	northern hardwoods	Fall color in northern Wisconsin, paper birch, and red maple
5254093	canker	Bleeding canker on landscape oak. Cause unknown.
5061023	canker	Unidentified canker on young walnut
5062008	inrolled crack	A spiral crack in a tree
5047024	decay	Severe decay in a willow.
5037060	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Ash windthrown during a severe windstorm.
5037061	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Ash windthrown during a severe windstorm, in a city park.
5042057	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Ash windthrow in a city park.
5037062	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Ash windthrown during a severe windstorm, in a city park.
5042056	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Windthrow of ash in a city park.
5047028	unpaved roads and trails	Forest road in winter
5047029	unpaved roads and trails	Forest road in winter
5062040	decay	Cross-section of the pore layer of the fruiting body of a wood decay fungus.
5047034	basal wound	An ash with an open wound and decay at the ground line
1118292	bottomland hardwoods	High-graded stand
1118336	thinning (stand)	Cherrybark oak stump sprouting after heavy thinning. early Fall 1999
1118166	shelterwood	Shelterwoodwith planted nuttall oak & natural oak regeneration
0016212	fire	Setting a backing fire along a firebreak.
0016348	fire	Burning Alumigel from aerial drip torch.
1118217	liberation	Girdled large hickory to release small pole willow & cherrybark oak
1118128	clearcut	Patch clearcut, 3-acre area
1395012	processing/manufacturing	Portable band mill
1397041	pruning (general)	poor pruning
1118197	release treatments	Midstory control and low thinning, with cherrybark oak & green ash regeneration
0016378	release treatments	Site after brush saw removal of hardwood and brush around individual pines.
0976022	poles, posts, pilings	post-and-pole sale area, 7/28/1955; Heppner District
1118207	thinning (stand)	1 degree low thinning in mixed water oak, gum, nuttall oak, and green ash
1118224	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Windthrows along stream near Mt. Rainier, WA 9/94
1118171	selection	single tree selection, canopy gap in single-tree selection in Wiscinsin hardwoods
0806096	log deck	Log deck in an Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir (Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa) forest, Marshall Pass area; Salida Ranger District, San Isabel National Forest, south-central Colorado
1359079	loading	Small grapple yarder/loader on the Owens Creek fuel reduction project, North Fork John Day Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
1442074	fire
1395026	poles, posts, pilings	Posts and poles
1118218	fire	Site prep burn prior to planting cottonwood
1118174	selection	Group selection, regen development in a patch opening
0976018	log pond	Wineland Lake log pond in area previously owned by Kinzua Corp. Heppner Ranger District`
1420044	shelterwood	seed production cut, cut to 18 square feet basal area per acre in March 1950, seed traps under trees, photo taken in December 1957
1118175	selection	Group selection, with thinning between groups. Note ash regeneration
0808084	fire	Young stand in 1986 burn area that reburned in August, 1996.
0010024	rooted/unrooted cuttings	Cuttings grow relatively faster than seedlings so a crop can usually be grown in only one growing season.
0976023	harvesting	tree shear (clipper) in process of harvesting tree
1118094	planting	Agriculture field to be planted in WRP. Feb 1998
0364098	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	windthrow
0016331	release treatments	Brush saws to remove competition around individual pine seedlings.
0010020	top pruning	Some nurseries top prune their seedlings to control shoot height. This practice also increases crop uniformity because it exposes smaller plants which were overtopped by larger ones. The timing of top pruning is extremely critical so that the seedlings are not injured or stimulated to produce abnormal shoot growth.
1118117	planting	Regeneration mixed planting, nuttall oak seedlings planted among cottonwoods
1241758	fire	This old fire scar has intact bark covering most of the injury. The cambium was killed by a column of heat without burning the bark. Decay extends into the heartwood behind the injury. Pulling away loose bark revealed a single callous ridge typical of a non-canker stem injury.
1118113	planting	shelterwood being planted
0010008	nursery operations	Because of the frequent use of heavy equipment during periods when the soil is wet, soil compaction is a serious and reoccurring problem in forest nurseries. Many nurseries "deep rip" their soils with long shanks during the rest year. This operation is often done immediately after the organic matter application so that the sawdust can be incorporated throughout the soil profile, and prevent the formation of soil pans.
0010017	fertilization	Bareroot nurseries apply the mineral nutrients that are needed for rapid growth with chemical fertilizers. Unless soil tests show other nutrient deficiencies, nitrogen and potassium are the only fertilizers that are typically applied - remember that phosphorus is typically applied before sowing. During the growing season applications are called "top dressings" because they are done over the top of the crop. The application rates are determined by experience or from chemical tests of the soil and seedling foliage.
0016344	windrowing or piling	Rotary root rake. Trials of Australian device on Mead Corp lands, about 1986.
1118168	selection	Single tree selection. Note numerous small stem in background
1400043	stem girdling roots	Girdling roots (excavated and painted by Gary Johnson) on Linden tree in image 1400042.
0010018	root pruning	Root culturing is one of the most important nursery operations because a tree seedling is only as good as its root system. During the latter part of the first growing season, seedbeds are undercut with a horizontal blade to severe the dominant tap roots and promote a more fibrous root system. Wrenching is a special type of undercutting that uses an angled blade to shatter the soil profile, and increases the soil permeability and aeration. Wrenching also induces a temporary seedling moisture stress which can be used to retard shoot growth and induce dormancy.
1118154	shelterwood
1118119	planting	Regeneration mixed planting, Nuttall oak and cottonwood
0976026	unpaved roads and trails	temporary road
1118181	selection	Group selection with cottonwood & green ash
0010021	nursery operations	Seedbeds are sampled each year to determine the current inventory. In addition to counting the number of live seedlings per area of seedbed, the inventory crews measure the height and stem diameter of the crop to get an estimate of how many seedlings will make "shippable" grade by the time of harvest.
1118206	thinning (stand)	Thinning in black & white oak on Ozark Nat. Forest uplands
0976099	grand fir, Douglas-fir, and associated species (Eastern Oregon and Washington)	open, mixed-conifer stand with heavy shrub undergrowth; Walla Walla Ranger District
0976028	pruning (general)	Whitmer Wright pruning with power saw; Heppner Ranger District
0806083	mixed conifers of Southwestern Oregon	Mixed-conifer forest with bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in undergrowth; Long Creek Ranger District, Malheur National Forest, northeastern Oregon
1118099	planting
0796072	pesticides	air blast sprayer for insect control in seed orchard
1420089	land clearing	Le Tourneau Tree Crusher. Union Camp Corporation Forest. July 1978
1118290	bottomland hardwoods	Even-aged stand ~60 yrs old in small creek bottom, red oak-gum
1118214	thinning (stand)	Recently thinned upland southern red oak stand
1118121	planting	Regeneration mixed planting a 5-species mixed planting
0808072	thinning (stand)	Thinned stand. Heppner Ranger District
1241759	fire	This old fire scar has intact bark covering most of the injury. The cambium was killed by a column of heat without burning the bark. Decay extends into the heartwood behind the injury. Pulling away loose bark revealed a single callous ridge typical of a non-canker stem injury.
1118095	planting	Agriculture field being planted in WRP.
1118173	selection	Edge of group selection
1118199	thinning (stand)	Opening between crowns in thinned stand
1397037	imbedded objects	Tree branch girdled with rope
0010063	nursery operations	Once thinning is complete, seedlings are brought into the Rapid Growth Phase, in which they are forced into accelerated growth rates by supplying all the factors that are normally limiting. The type of growing environment will determine the cultural options that are available and the resultant growth rate. Fully-controlled environments have heating, ventilation, photoperiodic lighting, irrigation, fertilization, and even supplemental carbon dioxide.
1118150	shelterwood	2-aged deferment
1359080	yarding	Small portable tower for skyline yarding on the Owens Creek fuel reduction project, North Fork John Day Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
1118038	mixed species stands	Mixed hardwood / conifer ridges
1118259	fire	Evidence of fire sears in ponderosa pine. Black Hills, SD. 1991
1118208	row thinning	Row thinned sweetgum plantation
1210011	mixed species stands	Mixed stand of western larch and subalpine fir, Prairie City RD, Malheur NF
1118195	release treatments	midstory control, dense regeneration following midstory removal
1118153	shelterwood	Willow, water, and Nuttall oak
1420065	fire	Prescribed burn in cutover hardwood stand, Henry R. Koen Experimental Forest, USDA Forest Service - Ozark National Forest, near Jasper, Arkansas in May, 1967
1748081	pesticides	spray plane on ground
1359033	shelterwood	Three-step shelterwood cutting method in Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir (Picea engel-mannii-Abies lasiocarpa) forest showing preparatory cut; Fraser Experimental Forest, Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest, north-central Colorado
1420085	fire	setting controlled burn, Compartment 94, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama in December 1953
1210074	deadwood and snags	Close-up of an actively used cavity in a rotten tree
1118105	planting	Underplanting, Acorn planter
0796066	pesticides	spray distribution research by high pressure single nozzle ground sprayer with dye at seed orchard
0796051	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
1118093	planting	2 month old cotton-wood plantation
1118167	shelterwood	Oak shelterwood. Reduce ba ~ 25 %
1442155	thinning (stand)	115 year old stand, Basal Area 90 square feet, Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming
0016373	release treatments	Hardwood control with thinline or streamline treatment using an oil-herbicide mixture applied to the base of target plants.
1118178	selection	Group selection marking
1118098	planting	2 yr seedlings
1118269	bottomland hardwoods
0808079	fire	fire area, which burned in August, 1996. Wheeler Point, Heppner Ranger District
0796067	pesticides	spray distribution research by high pressure single nozzle ground sprayer with dye at seed orchard
1118201	thinning (stand)	Red oak-gum bottom
0796052	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796047	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0016374	release treatments	Direct spray treatment for hardwood control.
0976048	post planting protection	close-up of seedling with shade card for protection; South Park Ranger District
0808082	fire	Camera point T-96-5, view #4 initial take, Tower fire (August, 1996).
0010049	containers	Most containers can be used for more than one growing season, and so they must be cleaned and sterilized between crops. Chemical disinfectants or hot water can be used to kill weed seeds, fungal spores, or insect eggs on the used containers.
1678076	pesticides	spray plane - Ford trimotor
1118097	planting	Planted seedling in a WRP field
1420116	harvesting	Busch combine. USDA Forest Service - Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi. September 1968
0976085	fire	close-up view of slash concentration area being burned for fuels reduction
1118156	shelterwood	1-yr-old sessile & pendulate oak regen in shelterwood in France upland
1207006	planting	View of relatively flat wildfire area near Lake George, Colorado just prior to planting in May 1982, South Park Ranger District
1210098	fire	Maes Creek wildfire area in southern Colorado; fire burned in 1978, image acquired in 1981; subalpine zone near upper treeline; San Carlos RD, San Isabel NF
1207041	processing/manufacturing	Distant view of Bates lumber mill at Troy, Oregon showing teepee burner and log pond, September 1956
1210018	Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir	forest with abundant downed wood (PIEN/MOSS plant association)
1406160	construction	tree death due to construction
1359051	chipping	Chipping operation on the Charley timber sale, showing large slash pile, chipper and van to haul away the chips; Pomeroy Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, southeastern Washington
1207020	loading	Timber operator loading logs onto a log truck, San Carlos Ranger District
1420132	fire	Height-growth seedlings killed by burn. Compartment 14. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama
1118120	planting	Regeneration mixed planting, Nuttall oak and cottonwood
1423026	fire	Site before spring prescribed burn, Escambia Experimental Forest, Compartment 53, May 1971
1307100	land use conversion	forest fragmentation of land in Kenya, Africa
1212008	fire	Dense stand of grass and mullein in Wheeler Point fire area, Heppner RD, Umatilla NF
5040093	risk tree	Elm with large codominant stem that failed in high winds. On Minnesota State Fairgrounds.
5036002	risk tree	Large decayed branch of American elm that failed in high winds.
5053048	risk tree	White birch with decay and defects overlooking a playground.
5053049	decay	Oak tree with decay resulting from death of codominant stem.
5053050	risk tree	American beech shedding branches; bole with extensive decay.
5038081	risk tree	Tree with multiple defeccts near parking lot.
5038093	risk tree	Hole in very large branch, indicating decay.
5252048	risk tree	Hole in tree, indicating decay.
5054009	risk tree	A hazard tree removed in a campground.
5054010	risk tree	A large tree near a picnic area. The degree of risk posed by this tree can only be determined by a careful inspection.
5054012	risk tree	Trees that fell in a campground.
5054016	risk tree	A large tree that failed in a campground.
5054018	risk tree	Trees removed for hazard abatement in a campground
5054014	risk tree	Trees removed for hazard abatement in a campground
5054026	risk tree	Cracks, seams on campground tree
5054023	risk tree	A large tree with extensive decay that failed in a campground
5054027	risk tree	Very large codominant stem failure
5039012	risk tree	Large, potentially hazardous trees near a playground
5045017	risk tree	A leaning cottonwood along a trail.
5045019	risk tree	A tree with a corrected lean
5039090	risk tree	Old broken branch with decay
5045034	unpaved roads and trails	Logging road in winter
5045035	unpaved roads and trails	Logging road in winter
5055038	risk tree	Long crack and decay
5039022	risk tree	Low V-shaped crotch
5039038	risk tree	Failure of multiple branches arising from a single point, during a severe windstorm.
5254006	risk tree	Broken branches piled after a storm
5053041	risk tree	Downed trees in a forest environment. Useful in visualizing how trees might fail in campground situations.
5038080	risk tree	Tree with large defect caused by failed codominant branch.
5056059	fuelwood	Oak firewood in boxes
5056058	fuelwood	Firewood in boxes for sale.
5039049	fuelwood	Oak firewood loosely covered by a tarp
5056060	fuelwood	Oak firewood in boxes.
5252042	fuelwood	Firewood for sale at a campground.
5252043	fuelwood	Firewood for sale at a gas station
5252044	fuelwood	Firewood for sale at a gas station
5045010	risk tree	Large broken branches in silver maple
5045009	risk tree	Codominant branch failure in bur oak
5039025	risk tree	Large codominant branch failure
5253073	risk tree	Windthrown ash hanger.
5039037	risk tree	Failure of multiple branches during a severe windstorm
5039039	risk tree	Multiple branch failure, during a severe windstorm, where several branches arose from the same point.
5045089	pruning (general)	Good pruning cut
5057001	pruning (general)	Pruning wounds treated with several colors of paint.
5300008	prescribed fire	Prescribed fire in a hardwood forest
5300011	prescribed fire	Prescribed fire in a hardwood forest
5300012	prescribed fire	Prescribed fire in a hardwood forest
5300018	prescribed fire	Controlling a prescribed fire
5300002	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Windthrow in a hardwood forest
5300003	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Cleanup following windthrow in a hardwood forest
5300004	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Discussing windthrow in a hardwood forest
5300006	unpaved roads and trails	Trail through a hardwood forest in winter
5298092	decay
5252011	decay	Decay in a cottonwood that failed during a windstorm.
5252010	topping	Cracks and epicormic branches formed after a tree was topped.
5050081	decay	Decay column in red maple.
5252016	shelterwood	Residual white pine in a shelterwood regeneration cut.
5252017	shelterwood	Dead white pine and aspen retained in a shelterwood regeneration cut.
5252018	shelterwood	Live and dead white pine retained in a shelterwood regeneration cut.
5050084	visual tree inspection	Inspecting a potential hazard tree at Grey Towers, near handicap parking space.
5044025	cabling	Cabling an oak tree.
5038069	epicormic branch	Epicormic branches
5044036	branch union	Strong branch unions in Tilia cordata
5044037	risk tree	Exposed roots and a broken bole in a hazardous lakeside tree.
5044038	decay	Extensive decay in a tree that collapsed during a windstorm.
5044050	unpaved roads and trails	A forest road, in fall.
5044058	branch union	Tree with strong branch angles.
5044059	branch union	Strong branch angle in bur oak
5044060	branch union	Good branch angles and pruning cuts.
5052056	decay	Tree with green crown, but extensive decay in the bole.
5052057	decay	Tree with a green crown, but extensive decay in the bole.
5052058	decay	Tree with a green crown, but extensive decay in the bole.
5052059	decay	Tree with green crown, but extensive decay in the bole.
5052060	decay	Tree with green crown, but extensive decay in the bole.
5052061	decay	Tree with green crown, but extensive decay in the bole.
5052063	decay	Tree with green crown, but extensive decay in the bole.
5052062	decay	Tree with green crown, but extensive decay in the bole.
5044061	branch union	Good branch angle
5044071	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Trees windthrown during storm.
5052075	included bark	Tree with large codominant branch failure
5052078	poor architecture	Maple with numerous accumulated defects. An "ugly" tree.
5052080	cracks or splits	A sealed-over crack.
5052081	topping	A topped tree with numerous epicormic branches produced on decaying stubs.
5052083	decay	Using an increment corer to examine a tree for decay.
5052097	risk tree	A situation where the target could be moved.
5053001	grade change	White pine in parking lot where fill was added to raise grade.
5053007	urban planting	Trees planted in concrete, with little drainage.
5053020	deadwood and snags	Dead spruce near parking lot
5053044	included bark	Ash tree with moderate amount of included bark and some sap flow at the junction of branch and stem.
5053011	uncorrected lean	Leaning tree near a picnic table.
5053017	deadwood and snags	Dead and dying white birch in playground area
5053018	deadwood and snags	Dead tree in parking lot
5053019	construction	Tree injured during regrading.
5053023	imbedded objects	Fencing embedded in tree.
5053028	poor architecture	House with large trees in yard. Multiple large branches arising from a single point (poor architecture).
5053036	storm damage (general)	Storm-damaged tree with broken branch.
5053037	risk tree	Multiple defects (cracks, decay, poor branch angles) in a yard tree.
5053039	storm damage (general)	Storm damage and partial mitigation
5053040	uncorrected lean	Leaning tree
5053046	utility line clearance pruning	Trees topped severely under a utility line
5053053	decay	Small tree with decay that failed near a parking lot.
5053054	risk tree	Large tree with multiple defects, including cracks, decay, dead branches.
5053055	deadwood and snags	Tree snag with decay and den hole. Not a hazard because there is no target.
5044077	deadwood and snags	Large deaying branch high in a tree.
5044079	decay	Tree with basal decay and hole, allowing water to enter.
5044080	risk tree	Sealed-over crack with decay.
5044081	risk tree	Hazard tree crack with sawdust at base of tree, indicating decay.
5044083	exposed roots	Erosion and exposed roots.
5298031	poor architecture	"Ugly tree" syndrome from multiple defects and decay.
5298040	poor architecture	Poor tree architecture caused by accumulated defects, including decay and broken branches.
5298061	decay	Large tree with old branch failure.
5050036	cracks or splits	Branch with severe crack.
5298062	decay	Old, poorly sealing branch failure.
5044003	cracks or splits	Long spiral frost crack.
5050039	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Small building crushed by windthrown tree.
5044018	deadwood and snags	Dead oak top (tree hazard)
5038036	cracks or splits	Dead top with major split.
5050074	deadwood and snags	Dead trees in recreation area (tree hazard)
5044019	deadwood and snags	Large dead branches
5050075	deadwood and snags	Large dead branch in upper crown.
5050077	deadwood and snags	Broken, dead branch.
5050076	deadwood and snags	Dead branch in upper crown.
5298016	decay	Sawdust at base of tree, indicating internal decay.
5298017	decay	Decay at base of bole, in campground.
5298018	decay	Decay in stump from old codominant stem.
5298019	decay	Decay and piliated woodpecker injury.
5298022	decay	Failed branch attached to decaying codominant stem.
5298023	decay	Failed branch with severe decay.
5298025	decay	Failed decayed branch.
5298026	decay	Hole in tree from decayed branch drop-out.
5298027	decay	Hole in tree from decayed branch drop-out.
5298028	decay	Hole in tree from decayed branch drop-out.
5298029	decay	Cavity and decay in bole, with abundant epicormic branching.
5298032	decay	Stump with extensive internal decay.
5298030	decay	Discoloration and decay in branch trace and stem, cross-section.
5298041	decay	Hole through tree caused by internal decay. Jana Albers is the person.
5298042	decay	Large open cavity and decay in bole of large tree.
5298044	decay	Extensive decay in bole.
5298045	decay	Extensive decay in bole (cross-section).
5298046	decay	Extensive decay and branch failure.
5298047	decay	Open cavity and decay at base of bole. Peter Bedker, Peggy Sand
5298049	decay	Sawdust and woodchips at base of decayed tree.
5298050	decay	Opening at base of tree signifying internal decay.
5298058	decay	Brown cubical rot at base of dead tree.
5298059	decay	Large cavity and decay at base of standing tree.
5298060	deadwood and snags	Snag with decay and large hole.
5298063	deadwood and snags	Large tree with dead wood in crown, multiple burls and decay. Tom Eiber and Peggy Sand in image.
5298064	decay	Cross section showing extensive decay of heartwood, but showing good compartmentalization.
5298065	decay	Cross section with decay and carpenter ant tunnels.
5298066	decay	Cross section with extensive decay and carpenter ant tunnels.
5298068	decay	Hole in tree with extensive decay and cavity.
5298069	decay	Tree with wound caused by lightning, and associated woodpecker injury.
5298070	decay	Branch decay resulting from improper maintenance (topping)
5298071	storm damage (general)	Storm-damaged trees with dead wood and broken branches.
5298073	decay	Discoloration and decay in wood pile after storm damage.
5298074	basal wound	Basal wound with discolored wood
4723031	soil & water	These plots, in the north-central part of Tutuila Island, American Samoa, are highly erodible and unsustainable. This practicde is not traditional agriculture and is driven by population pressure on the very limited flat land on the island. June, 1984. 170 degr. E. Long.; 15 degr. S. Lat.
4723032	soil & water	The landowner, a traditional Samoan Chief using a modern bulldozer, so de-stabilized the upper slope as to cause this failure.
5297082	canker	Bleeding on surface of bark; cause unknown.
5297083	canker	Bleeding on bark surface; cause unknown.
5251062	canker	Bleeding on oak, unknown cause.
5251096	building	Bullfighting arena in western Mexico.
5251095	building	Bullfighting arena in western Mexico.
5037100	decay	Branch failure in a large tree.
5038001	decay	Branch failure in a large tree.
5043009	decay	Codominant branch failure.
5038005	deadwood and snags	Dead eastern white pine with split top.
5251097	tree props	Propped trees in China.
5251098	tree props	Propped trees in China
5038026	decay	Collapsed crown caused by decay and high winds.
5048033	included bark
5048035	included bark	Codominant branch/stem failure caused by upright branching and included bark.
5048036	branch union	Strong, U-shaped branch union
5048039	included bark	Major crack caused by upright, codominant branching and included bark.
5048040	branch union	Strong, U-shaped branch union in sugar maple.
5048042	included bark	Codominant branch failure and bark ripping caused by included bark.
5048043	included bark	Major branch failure caused by codominant branching with included bark, and decay.
5048044	included bark	Crown collapse caused by codominant branches with included bark. Failure occurred during a major windstorm.
5048045	storm damage (general)	Branch breakage caused by high winds, in a tree with upright branching and included bark.
5048046	included bark	Codominant branch failure with included bark and decay.
5048047	poor architecture	Branch failure caused by included bark and decay.
5048048	included bark	Included bark failure in a box elder.
5048049	included bark	Codominant trunk failure caused by upright branching and included bark.
5048050	included bark	Major tree failure caused by upright branching and included bark.
5042080	poor architecture	Poor tree architecture caused by improper pruning and storm damage.
5042084	pruning (general)	Improper pruning technique, leading to bark ripping.
5251059	decay	Basal decay in oak; cause unknown.
5048059	poor architecture	Basswood with poor tree architecture arising from lack of maintenance.
5048060	poor architecture	Poor architecture and decay arising from improper maintenance.
5048061	included bark	Codominant branching and included bark.
5043003	decay	Box elder with extensive decay. Failed in a windstorm.
5043004	decay	Box elder with extensive decay. Failed in a windstorm.
5043005	decay	Box elder with extensive decay and very little sound wood. Failed in a windstorm.
5038004	decay	Dead tree with extensive decay; failure near road.
5043016	decay	Cottonwood with extensive decay, failed in a windstorm.
5049038	decay	Brown cubical rot, unknown cause.
5251099	canker	Canker under tarry spot on oak. Cause unknown.
5038010	storm damage (general)	Tree failure across road with inmate cleanup crew.
5038011	storm damage (general)	Very poor technique in tree failure cleanup.
5043083	pruning (general)	Pruning white pine with a bucket truck to abate hazard.
5043044	branch union	Strong branch attachment in bur oak.
5043047	topping	Example of poor pruning under powerlines.
5038008	utilities	Cable layer with a three-foot blade.
5043051	static tree support	Placing stabilizing cables in a red oak.
5043054	cracks or splits	Vertical seam closed with callus tissue.
5298011	decay
5298012	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)
5298013	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)
5298014	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)
5050035	cracks or splits	Sealed-over crack showing discoloration and decay in the center of the specimen.
5034048	poor architecture	Example of a branch crook
5034074	log deck	Sprinklers to keep logs wet to prevent checking
5034075	log deck	Sprinklers to keep logs in deck wet to prevent checking
5034076	log deck	Sprinklers to keep log deck wet to prevent checking
5034049	deadwood and snags	Dead aspen tree unknown cause, and living tree adjacent
5035015	cracks or splits	Branch split caused by codominant branching and included bark.
5034068	decay
5034077	cracks or splits	Crack caused by narrow branch angle and included bark in Norway maple.
5034078	soil & water	A low area flooded in spring
5034083	decay	Large, dead, decayed white pine. Martin MacKenzie provides scale.
5034044	risk tree	Western Hazard Tree Workshop participants, 2004
5034045	risk tree	Dissected tree at Western Hazard Tree Workshop, 2004; Dissected tree for hazard tree training
5048031	branch union	A branch union with a strong, U-shaped architecture and no included bark.
1395036	lumber and building materials	Timbers from old buildings prior to recycling into lumber products
1394001	log yard
1395046	sawmill	Slabs at hardwood sawmill
1395030	handle	Handle mill
1395044	log yard	Scaling hardwood logs
1395041	lumber and building materials	Recycling of large timbers from deconstruction projects
1395042	lumber and building materials	Hardwood dimension parts
1395039	lumber and building materials	Timbers from old buildings prior to recycling into lumber products
1395040	lumber and building materials	Timbers from old buildings prior to recycling
1395037	lumber and building materials	Timbers from old buildings prior to recycling
1395038	lumber and building materials	Timbers from old buildings prior to recycling into lumber products
1395034	lumber and building materials	Underwater logging on Lake Superior
1395033	lumber and building materials	Underwater logging on Lake Superior
1395032	lumber and building materials	Underwater logging on Lake Superior
1395031	handle
1395024	processing/manufacturing
1395028	Specialty forest products
1395023	harvesting	whole tree chipping
1395049	pulpwood	Unloading hardwood pulpwood at chipping plant in Illinois, 1960.
1395059	charcoal
1395056	charcoal
1395057	charcoal
1395058	charcoal
1395052	charcoal
1395053	charcoal
1395054	charcoal
1395055	charcoal
2307273	nursery operations	Containerized native plants for rehabilitaion plantings.
2307271	ripping/furrowing/bedding	Wildland disk.
2122012	pesticides	Calibration trials - note blue dye coming from spray boom.
5052079	branch union	This image illustrates good, U-shaped branch angles of attachment.
5032040	uncorrected lean	A tree that has partially failed, resulting in a severe lean.
5032041	uncorrected lean	A tree that has partially failed, resulting in a severe lean.
1397114	pruning (general)	young tree in need of pruning
1397122	pruning (general)	Excessive branch crossing. Tree needs a thinning cut.
1397124	storm damage (general)	uncorrected storm damage
1407024	root zone	A tree's life extends beneath the ground. Here, larger roots provide a support system,
1407025	root zone	while finer filaments absorb moisture and minerals.
1407022	branch union	and when branches die,; showing natural branch shedding at the branch union.
1407023	branch union	they, too, fall away.; showing action of natural pruning at the branch union.
1407062	electrical conductivity meter	Researchers are exploring the basic life processes of a tree. Here, they record and study the pattern of electrical signals passed through a stem.
1407063	electrical conductivity meter	They also use devices like this electric meter, which measures a tree's vitality and detects decay. Shigometer
5032005	bracing	Ineffective use of chain to mitigate a bad branch union.
5032068	pruning (general)	Poor pruning technique on a small tree.
5033062	cracks or splits	A red maple with a crack resulting from a bad branch union.
5037069	dynamic tree support	"Cobra" system cabling on a large American elm.
5038024	dynamic tree support	Cobra cable system
5033039	storm damage (general)	Tree damaged by high winds
5033093	epicormic branch	Epicormic branches arising after pruning in green ash.
5033094	epicormic branch	Epicormic branches arising after pruning on green ash.
5033095	epicormic branch	Epicormic branches arising after pruning on green ash.
5037075	decay	Green ash with central stem decay. This open-grown green ash tree failed in a windstorm.
0007034	building	Second Palace Gate with Tower of Fragrance of Buddha in background
0007036	building	Revolving Archive
0007037	building	Boundary Stone of Popular Fragrance
0007038	building	Five-square Pavillions
0007039	building	Entrance to People's Republic of China State Forestry Administration Offices
1473076	canker
1473077	canker	this has two cankers Cenaginium and Nectria
5053035	storm damage (general)	Multiple branch failures in tree during wind storm.
5043088	urban planting	Note the rope still surrounding the base of the tree. This should have been removed when the tree was planted.
5043091	pruning (general)	Properly pruned tree, with a closed pruning wound. Also shows a strong, u-shaped branch crotch.
5048034	included bark	Bad branch angle with included bark
5053027	storm damage (general)	Powerlines downed in storm. Note the scorched grass
5053033	included bark	Crack starting at a codominant branch junction, with included bark. A very hazardous tree.
5053034	poor architecture	Multiple branches attached at the same point on the stem caused catastrophic failure of the crown of this tree.
5252002	included bark	Poor branching angle with included bark, causing a crack all the way to the ground.
1395062	slashing and bucking	bucking a log; the tip of the log is elevated so that as the cut is made, the log will fall and the saw blade will not be pinched
1395063	portable sawmill
1395064	felling	cutting a felling notch
5028007	risk tree	Hazardous conditions caused by poor tree maintenance.
5028079	storm damage (general)	Cleanup of storm-damaged trees in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN
5028078	storm damage (general)	Cleanup after a severe storm in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN
5028080	storm damage (general)	Bucket truck used in cleanup of storm-damaged trees.
5044007	risk tree
5046036	topping	Severely topped tree
5048017	weak branch union
5048019	weak branch union
5048021	included bark
5048022	branch union	This is a relatively strong branch union, with bark pushed upward between the two codominant branches.
5048037	branch bark ridge	Upright branch attachment showing the branch bark ridge.
2141093	fire	tree scorch
2141094	fire	tree scorch
2141095	fire	burned tree
2141096	fire	tree scorch
2141097	fire	tree scorch
2141099	fire	completely scorched stand
2141100	fire	wildland-urban interface
2142001	fire	burn mosaic
2142002	fire	burn mosaic
2142003	fire	stain likely introduced through wood borer activity in scorched tree
1473074	canker	canker not named; suspect it is black canker
1473003	canker
1473004	decay
1473005	canker
1473023	decay	butt section decay and subsequent failure
1473027	canker
1473028	canker	A spruce with a broken top due to failure at a flat broad canker of unknown cause (Cytospora kunzi suspected).
1473035	decay	decay and failure
5044008	risk tree
5044009	risk tree
5050020	construction
5050021	construction
5043008	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	cross section showing compartmentalization at the branch collar
5044006	risk tree
5057090	tree grate	rope from root ball left on trunk
5035042	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5044010	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5044092	inrolled crack
5050018	grade change
5037091	decay	This is a dead red pine, approximately 30' tall. The hazard is from potential kick-back when people dig at the lower part of the bole.
5048058	canker
5048030	weak branch union
5049057	canker
5050015	grade change
5040063	poor architecture
5042081	poor architecture
5045013	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5251040	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5052098	undermined root system
5050016	grade change
5050019	grade change
5050011	grade change
5050012	grade change
5050013	grade change
5050014	grade change
5052055	imbedded objects	golf ball imbedded into tree.
5053005	imbedded objects
5053008	imbedded objects
5053013	imbedded objects
5053016	imbedded objects
5058027	pruning (general)
5033060	cracks or splits
5033061	cracks or splits
5053002	imbedded objects
5053043	shear crack
5038029	cracks or splits
5053060	undermined root system
5044039	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5044040	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5052076	undermined root system
5039007	included bark
5040064	poor architecture
5040065	poor architecture
5040062	poor architecture
5048018	weak branch union
5048023	weak branch union
5043006	tree anatomy	branch collar
5043017	decay	Broken tree with root rot
5043092	pruning (general)	proper pruning cuts may completely close over time
5050083	imbedded objects	Deck encroachment on tree bole
5044005	risk tree
5043007	tree anatomy	Branch collar and branch bark ridge
5052089	topping
5052096	topping
5052095	imbedded objects
5042077	cabling
5034065	exposed roots
5034066	exposed roots
5052090	imbedded objects
5052094	imbedded objects
5044011	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5044012	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5044013	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5044014	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5044015	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5058035	inrolled crack
5058036	inrolled crack
5055091	imbedded objects
5045054	imbedded objects
5034016	stem girdling roots
5034017	stem girdling roots
5038073	stem girdling roots
5052046	stem girdling roots
5052047	stem girdling roots
2977017	marine mangrove ecosystem	mangrove restoration area
2977018	marine mangrove ecosystem	mangrove restoration area
2977019	marine mangrove ecosystem	beach; mangrove restoration area
2977021	marine mangrove ecosystem
2977022	marine mangrove ecosystem
2977023	marine mangrove ecosystem
2977024	marine mangrove ecosystem	beach
2977025	marine mangrove ecosystem
2977029	marine mangrove ecosystem
2977030	marine mangrove ecosystem
2977031	marine mangrove ecosystem	trees, beach
2977034	marine mangrove ecosystem
2977035	marine mangrove ecosystem
0756063	fire	burned pine forest
0756064	fire	burned pine forest
0757008	riverine mangrove ecosystem
0757006	riverine mangrove ecosystem
0756006	riverine mangrove ecosystem	local people looking for freshwater clams in fiji; singatoka
0756100	riverine mangrove ecosystem
0756041	fire	burned pine forest in fiji
0756042	fire	burned pine forest in fiji
0757004	riverine mangrove ecosystem
0757007	riverine mangrove ecosystem
0756012	riverine mangrove ecosystem	Mangrove
0756013	riverine mangrove ecosystem	mangrove at high tide
0756014	riverine mangrove ecosystem	mangrove at high tide
0756027	riverine mangrove ecosystem	young seedlings in mangrove forest
0756028	riverine mangrove ecosystem	young seedlings in mangrove forest
0756029	riverine mangrove ecosystem	young seedlings in mangrove forest
0756030	riverine mangrove ecosystem	aerial roots
0756031	riverine mangrove ecosystem	mangrove at low tide; pneumatophores starting to show
0756032	riverine mangrove ecosystem	pneumatophores visible at low tide
0756033	riverine mangrove ecosystem	fijian forest worker in mangrove at low tide
0756034	riverine mangrove ecosystem	seed pod beginning to sprout; when pod falls, it must stick 'end up' in mud to sprout
0756035	riverine mangrove ecosystem	seed pod beginning to sprout; when pod falls, it must stick 'end up' in mud to sprout
0756036	riverine mangrove ecosystem	seed pod beginning to sprout; when pod falls, it must stick 'end up' in mud to sprout
0756038	riverine mangrove ecosystem	trash pile in mangrove in fiji
0756050	riverine mangrove ecosystem	mangrove swamp at low tide
0756077	riverine mangrove ecosystem	riverine mangrove forest
0756087	riverine mangrove ecosystem	illegal cutting in mangrove forest
0756090	riverine mangrove ecosystem	river view of mangroves
0756091	riverine mangrove ecosystem	low tide in mangrove forest; pneumatophores
0756092	riverine mangrove ecosystem	established reproduction in mangrove forest
0756093	riverine mangrove ecosystem	river view of mangrove at high tide
0756098	riverine mangrove ecosystem
0757049	riverine mangrove ecosystem	pneumatophore in mangrove forest
0757051	riverine mangrove ecosystem	forest
0757052	riverine mangrove ecosystem	at low tide showing pneumatophores
0757053	riverine mangrove ecosystem	at low tide
0757054	riverine mangrove ecosystem	litter in mangrove forest
0757055	riverine mangrove ecosystem	leaves and litter on ground
0757058	riverine mangrove ecosystem	at low tide showing pneumatophores
0757060	riverine mangrove ecosystem
0757061	riverine mangrove ecosystem	forest
0756001	riverine mangrove ecosystem	High tide in the mangrove forest
0756002	riverine mangrove ecosystem	High tide in the mangrove forest
0756008	riverine mangrove ecosystem	low tide in mangrove swamp revealing previous harvesting activities
0756010	riverine mangrove ecosystem	low tide in margrove swamp; Kathrine Ewel; observing wood harvest
1411036	fire	perrenial burns keep litter to a minimum for grazing purposes but kills regeneration;
5028077	storm damage (general)	After-storm cleanup after a severe storm in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN.
5033037	included bark
5034092	exposed roots	mower damage on surface root
5039033	exposed roots	mower damage on root
5056005	exposed roots	mower damage to roots
1397107	exposed roots	exposed roots damaged by mowers
1408052	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	On these red maple samples, cambial dieback is consistent on all wounds, whether treated or control.
5043015	included bark	Major crown failure caused by codominant branches and included bark.
5033004	decay	This tree has severe decay and extremely poor architecture, and is a very high hazard.
5033038	included bark	A hackberry with major codominant branches and included bark that failed in a windstorm.
5033005	decay	A badly decayed and hazardous silver maple.
5048052	weak branch union	Poor branch attachment architecture in American elm
5048020	included bark	Codominant branches with a long crack
5048041	included bark	Branch failure caused by included bark
5048051	included bark	Included bark branch failure
5043013	included bark	Red oak branch that failed because of included bark.
5043014	included bark	Branch failure caused by included bark.
5048038	inrolled crack	Sugar maple with codominant stems and long crack.
5048029	shear crack	Codominant branches causing a shear crack.
5048032	shear crack	Codominant stems coming apart at the point of attachment
5038025	poor architecture
5048016	inrolled crack	Codominant branches with crack
5042082	stubs	Badly pruned white pine
5032071	poor architecture
5048015	poor architecture	Hackberry with failed branches caused by bad branch architecture.
2253099	skidding	horse logging
5028046	risk tree	Hazard tree of a peculiar kind. A child was killed when he leaned his head out an open window. Tree was too close to the street surface at a bus stop
5027071	poor architecture
2254023	pesticides	verbenone application for barkbeetle control
5047050	risk tree	Alex Shigo at a hazard tree workshop in about 1990.
1518062	pesticides
1518064	pesticides
1518071	pesticides	mist blower
2254045	fire	Thompson Creek fire
2254046	fire	Thompson Creek fire
1515058	pesticides	helicopter performing application
1301011	included bark	Hazard tree: Major crown failure from included bark during a storm in 1998. Included bark failure.
1397099	shear crack	split at crotch
1503071	canker	Heart rot; hardwoods; cankering at base
1520062	pesticides	training with hydraulic sprayer filled with water to learn spray technique
1518073	pesticides	using a hydraulic sprayer
1518072	pesticide safety	Ready for using a hydraulic sprayer with full personal protection equipment
5031018	pruning (general)
5031019	pruning (general)
5031020	pruning (general)
1508049	pesticide safety	Rinsing eyes
1512003	pesticide safety	Building signing (including "POISON")
1512004	pesticide safety	Label with "Poison" have specific meaning
1512005	pesticide safety	Revised building sign (NO "POISON")
1511077	clearcut	Clearcut area
1509041	pesticides	5-nursery-bed boom sprayer
1509043	pesticides	Fertilizer soil injector
1508050	pesticide safety	Rinsing face
1508070	pesticide safety	Proper attire - hard hat, glasses,gloves, etc.
1508053	pesticide safety	Storage of pesticides in shade
1511095	pesticide safety	Art - "Read the label"
1508041	pesticide safety	Vermiculite used to soak up spilled material
1508052	pesticide safety	Storage of pesticides in full sun - DON'T
1509039	pesticides	Hydraulic sprayer
1509040	pesticides	Hydraulic sprayer
1509045	pesticides	Wetting agent doing job
1509046	pesticides	Without wetting agent
1509047	pesticides	With / without wetting agent; red maple
1508026	pesticide safety	Worker reading label prior to field work
1508027	pesticide safety	Worker moving 55 gallon drum at storage building
1508030	pesticide safety	Triple rinsing empty Garlon 4 can
1508031	pesticide safety	Adding clean water to rinse can
1508032	pesticide safety	Don't store pesticides in nonstandard containers
1508036	pesticide safety	Proper signing of storage buildings
1508037	pesticide safety	Proper storage shed condition
1508039	pesticide safety	Don't take smoking breaks in storage buildings
1508040	pesticide safety	Storage building
1508071	pesticide safety	Worker applying pesticide to side of path
1508072	pesticide safety	Wash clothes daily
1508073	pesticide safety	Adding pesticide to backpack on tailgate - DON'T
1508074	pesticide safety	Reading the label
1508075	pesticide safety	"Warning" label
1508076	pesticide safety	"Caution" = minimum warning on all labels
1508077	pesticide safety	"Danger - Poison" label
1508086	pesticide safety	Bottle of DDT
1508087	pesticide safety	"Danger - Poison" label
1508042	pesticide safety	Dam formed of vermiculite to contain spill
1508043	pesticide safety	Spill
1508046	pesticide safety	Rinsing eyes using eyewash bottles
1508047	pesticide safety	Rinsing eyes while back is rinsed
1508048	pesticide safety	Removing shirt
1508054	pesticide safety	Pesticides unlocked in back of pickup
1508057	pesticide safety	Tieing containers down to avoid movement
1508058	pesticide safety	Loading truck for day
1508060	pesticide safety	Loading a backpack on tailgate - DON'T
1508061	pesticide safety	Loading injector bar
1508062	pesticide safety	Tyvek coverall
1508063	pesticide safety	Rinsing eyes while back is rinsed
1508064	pesticide safety	Rinsing eyes using eyewash bottles
1508067	pesticide safety	Keep separate sources of wash and drinking water
1508068	pesticide safety	Adding water to tank
1508069	pesticide safety	Cut affected after failing to rinse out pesticide
1510088	pesticides	Mist blower applying insecticide in seed orchard
1509073	pesticide safety	Sample collecting area - worker exposure study
1509074	pesticide safety	Sample kit - worker exposure study
1509075	pesticide safety	Sample collecting area - worker exposure study
1509076	pesticide safety	Patch sampling - worker exposure study
1509077	pesticide safety	Patch location - worker exposure study
1509078	pesticide safety	Patch location - worker exposure study
1509079	pesticide safety	Patch location - worker exposure study
1509080	pesticide safety	Crew - worker exposure study
1509081	pesticide safety	Rinsing equipment - worker exposure study
1509082	pesticide safety	Loading backpacks - worker exposure study
1514106	pesticides	Helecopter showing pesticide spray boom
1514108	pesticides
1515055	pesticides
1509048	pesticide safety	Loading backpack tank -- DON'T
1509034	pesticides	Kudzu sprayer
1509042	pesticides	Truck mounted pump & tank - sprayer
1508020	pesticides	D-10 with boom sprayer in woods
1508023	pesticides	Worker using injector bar (herbicide)
1508024	pesticides	Worker using backpack sprayer/spotgun (herbicide)
1508025	pesticides	Worker using backpack sprayer (herbicide)
1508088	pesticides	Misc nicotine product labels
1508089	pesticides	Rotenone label
1508090	pesticides	Gopher bait label
1509030	pesticides	Aerial rotary nozzle
1509031	pesticides	Spray plane
1509035	pesticides	Hand held pole sprayer
1509036	pesticides	Boom (vertical) mounted on D-8 - raindrop nozzles
1509037	pesticides	Boom (vertical) mounted on D-8 - raindrop nozzles
1509038	pesticides	Boom (vertical) mounted on D-8 - raindrop nozzles
1511014	pesticides	Vertical boom sprayer on bulldozer
1511015	pesticides	Heleocopter application of pesticides
1511096	pesticides	Velpar L label
1513102	pesticides
1514001	pesticides
1514002	pesticides
1514004	pesticides	aerial spray nozzles
1514005	pesticides
1514006	pesticides	nozzle in action
1514007	pesticides
1514008	pesticides	helicopter spray boom
1514009	pesticides	spray plane nozzle
1514010	pesticides	spray nozzle in action
1514011	pesticides	aerial spray nozzle
1514012	pesticides	aerial spray nozzle in action
1514013	pesticides	aerial spray nozzle
1514014	pesticides	aerial spray nozzle in action
1509051	pesticides	Spray pattern indicator (blue dye in mix)
1509053	pesticides	Foliar backpack spray including blue dye
1508095	pesticides	Untreated area
1509070	pesticides	Limit of height to treat with foliar backpack
1509072	pesticide safety	Wand in use - foliar backpack spray
1505076	bracing	Elm - distance shot of braced tree
1506089	fire	Faster moving (better fueled) fire
1505074	bracing	Elm bracing to protect heavy branches
1505075	bracing	Elm bracing to protect heavy branches
1503075	decay	Jump butt; Bent Creek
1503078	decay	Heart rot; oak; x-sect of previous stump
1503072	decay	Heart rot; hardwoods; butt bulge shows the extent
1503073	decay	Stump rot
3047015	decay	cut logs showing hollowing; heartrot
1503094	decay	Red heart; Four Notch area
1468008	canker
3036037	restricted root system	Parking lot caused dieback Columbia, SC
1270006	shear crack	codominant stems often reslut in a cracked trunk as the result of a weak branch union
1270007	root cutting and trenching
1270008	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
1270009	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
5029092	included bark	Included bark codominant stem failure.
5028069	restricted root system
5030027	risk tree	Hazard tree in a park near Tawas City, MI
5029068	stubs	Don't leave stubs long enough to hang your hat on.
5047049	pesticides
5029050	fire	firebreak line
5028088	grade change	The grade was raised around these white pine trees (Pinus strobus). The trees suffered some dieback, but did not die.
1408005	grade change	excessive soil fill; note the lack of a root flare
5028084	grade change	Trees can be severely injured by grade change activities
5028087	construction	Construction activities can cause severe injury to the root systems of trees.
5029006	decay	Severe decay in butt of red oak. Causal agent unknown.
5028089	grade change	Grade was raised next to this white pine to elevate the road. The tree survived the change in grade.
1409066	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Holes are commonly made in trees for injections, and for tapping maple sap. The sections here are from the same maple tree. Paraformaldehyde was added to the hole in the left section, but not to the control section on the right. This shows how chemicals may reduce a tree's ability to compartmentalize, so that decay develops rapidly.
1400020	risk tree	White pine with defect over picnic area.
1408061	tree injections	When injecting or implanting substances keep the wound as small and shallow as possible. Treatments can be beneficial when properly applied.
1408064	tree injections	Never make deep wounds or apply high pressure,
1397057	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Blue spruce that failed at the roots in high winds
1397060	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
1397066	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow
1407072	deadwood and snags	eventual death will continue forever, or as long as trees survive.
1408058	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	These two maples received similar wounds at the same time. The one on the left shows little injury, but the one on the right sustained considerable damage.
1408059	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Trees can wall off wounds effectively, but as damage accumulates over time, internal columns of infected wood begin to merge. This happens even with small wounds,
1408060	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	wounds inflicted in the tough root flair area.
1409005	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Patterns of discolored and decayed wood could be studied on both longitudinal and crosscut surfaces.
1409006	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Since 1959 thousands of trees have been dissected and studied this way.
1408079	canker	Many tree problems are still poorly understood. But on the positive side, we've learned a great deal about keeping trees healthy, safe, and beautiful.
1397050	decay	after wind storm
1397051	decay	during a storm, the tree behind the photographer failed, producing this damage to a parked car
1397052	restricted root system	the resricted root system of the tree contributed to it's eventual failure during a storm; the parked car was in the way ehn the failure occured
1397056	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	Windthrown tree on a house
1408077	decay	Fungus fruit bodies on old branch cuts are reliable indicators of internal decay.
1407074	decay	brown cubical rot
1400169	stem girdling roots	Girdling roots
1408065	tree implants	large wounds from implants or injections may cause severe internal injuries and cambial dieback
1408045	weak branch union	You may not be able to convince everyone of the merits of proper pruning. Many people learn too late.
1409046	flush cut	Flush cuts wound the trunk, which responds by forming wall 4. These walls often split. Microorganisms easily enter a trunk wound. Samples from an oak tree show that callus formed after it was wounded, an indication that decay did not develop.
1409048	flush cut	Decay developed above and below the 13-year-old flush cut on this black walnut.
1408050	flush cut	This same tree had been cut in many places. Harsh flush-cuts and heavy coats of dressing will indeed cause the tree, as well as the people and property around it, some real problems.
1408071	bracing	The same thing happened here. Sound new wood formed around the rod. Try to keep the tree healthy after bracing.
1408072	bracing	Don't use sharp-edged washers; they cut into the tree and obstruct closure.
1408070	cabling	Cables and braces can be beneficial if properly used. Do not anchor hardware in decayed wood, which fell away after the sample was cut. Only new wood that formed around the hardware remained sound.
1408073	cabling	Avoid cables angles that will cause screws to move, thus inhibiting firm closure.
1408048	flush cut	Applying dressings to improper cuts, such as the one on this mountain ash, is primarily cosmetic. Research shows that commonly used wound dressings do not stop decay.
1408067	tree implants	Follow the same careful procedure with implants.
1408068	tree implants	When implants are first inserted, they cause very little damage to healthy trees. The story changes, however, as the injury is repeated year after year.
1408069	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Notice how dieback spread only slightly above and below this experimental wound. When scribing or tracing wounds, be sure to cut smooth, shallow, and rounded margins. You don't need to stay with one particular shape, like an elongated ellipse.
1408054	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Holes are wounds, too.
1408055	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Drill holes have been the subject of experiments on decay for more than 20 years. Abundant information is available on this type of wound.
1409027	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Wall 4 also forms after wood is infected. This elm had Dutch elm disease; the red arrows show where recent infections were walled off.
1409023	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	This is illustrated on the crosscut face of a peach tree. The column of discolored and decayed wood is the coalescence of columns from many individual, occurances.
1409045	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Decay is essential for branch shedding. If decay surmounts the tree's natural chemical boundary, it will be walled off within the stub.
1409049	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	The leader on this beech was killed, and a branch became a new leader. Decay developed to the width fo the old leader and spread only downward.
1409050	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	When a branch containing heartwood dies or is cut, the sapwood discolors and decays first, not the heartwood.
1409051	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	If decay developes in drill holes, it starts in wood nearest to the bark, like it did in the center sample. This is true both for sapwood trees, such as the maple shown here, and for heartwood-forming trees.
1409052	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Wound B in this maple was well compartmentalized. Wound A weakened at wall 2, because its inner edge was too close to the central column of discolored wood.
1409053	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	The same drill patterns appear in this oak, showing that heartwood compartmentalizes injured and infected wood.
1409054	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Decay spread to the center of the beech at left. Before it was wounded, this tree was healthy from bark to pith, while the beech on the right already had a central column of altered wood. The drill wounds reached the center of both trees, but discolored and decayed wood associated with wounds did not penetrate the central column of the altered tree.
1409055	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	An identical pattern is seen here, where the wound reached the pith, but discolored wood did not.
1409057	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Here you see where a drill hole passed through sapwood, healthy heartwood, and wound-altered heartwood five years before this oak was cut. Note carefully that decay associated with the wound did not spread outward beyond wall 4, or inward through wound-altered heartwood. Heartwood and sapwood will compartmentalize injured and infected tissue, but once they've responded they cannot respond again.
1409058	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	An example of this phenomenon is seen here, where decayed wood associated with the dead branch B did not spread into A or outward into C.
1409059	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	The heartwood is separate from the column of decayed wood on this sample, proving that microorganisms do not grow at will in trees.
1409063	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Here, healthy heartwood surrounds decayed heartwood, which, in turn surrounds a central column of healthy heartwood.
1409065	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	When a compartmentalized column 1 is ruptured by another wound, column 2 develops.
1409069	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	the fungus was walled off in the wood after being stopped in the bark.
1409042	flush cut	Ring shakes along wall 4 are common in flush-pruned trees such as this black walnut.
1409064	fire	In a white oak severely wounded by fire, heartwood formation comes to a standstill. Wounds stop hearwood from forming, while they initiate the formation of discolored wood.
1409025	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	In this birch tree, vertical arrows show wall no. 1, while horizontal arrows point to wall no. 4.
1409021	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Decay was less advanced in this western hemlock.
1409026	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	This slice of western hemlock was taken from the top of a wounded area. The red arrows shoe wall 4 within the growth rings. Points A and B show where wall 4 ends.
1409056	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Again, the drill holes on this aspen penetrated to the red markes, yet discolored wood stopped at the arrows.
1409067	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Holes have helped researchers select individuals within a species that compartmentalize rapidly and effectively. All trees in Populus species, clone 42, were strong compartmentalizers, while all trees in clone 49 were not. It appears that the capacity to compartmentalize is under strong genetic control.
1409074	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	The bottoms of roots usually decay first and then connect with the wood between them at the tree butt. Decay will then be most advanced between the roots, as in this balsam fir. Trees with decay at this junction often split above the roots.
1409018	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	CODIT is a model that applies to both non-heartwood and heartwood-forming trees
1409012	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Hollows are found in trees that have heartwood
1409030	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Though strong in one sense, the barrier zone is structurally weak and may pull apart, as it did in this white pine.
1409031	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Barrier zones sometimes form when branches die. When the tissues separate, as they did in this cherry, a ring shake results.
1409029	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Wall 4 is a model representation of a barrier zone, which is composed of strong protective tissue. This is the barrier zone from a spruce sample.
1409071	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	In this spruce sample, the pencil indicates the limites of the dead bark. Fungi did not spread into new wood that formed after the infected wood was contained.
1409024	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Wall 4 extended entirely around the trunk of this sweetgum tree, a common, but not inevitable, occurrance.
1409020	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	This white oak had five basal wounds. The triangular-shaped discolored and decayed wood was formed by walls 2 and 3 which resisted spread, and wall 4 which separated infected wood from healthy wood.
1409011	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Hollows are found in trees that have heartwood
1409028	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	In response to a wound, this Norway spruce developed a wall 4, indicated by the red arrows, within the growth ring. The green arrows show how far the cells that produced resin extended.
1409007	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	From these studies, basic patterns of discolored and decayed wood have emerged. A major finding is that the diameter of the discolored and decayed wood is the diameter of the tree when it was wounded...
1409008	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	From these studies, basic patterns of discolored and decayed wood have emerged. A major finding is that the diameter of the discolored and decayed wood is the diameter of the tree when it was wounded or when the branches died. This is true both for hardwoods...
1409009	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	and for conifers. When decay develops in wood exposed by branches, it does nto move outward, even when that wood is heartwood. The arrows show the limit of decay.
1409010	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Hollows result when microorganisms digest the wood that was present at the time of wounding.
1409014	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	The same patterns of compartmentalization occur in roots.
1409015	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Hollows do not always develop in the center, as evidenced in this tropical hardwood.
1409016	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Trees compartmentalize injured and infected wood. To aid in understanding compartmentalization, we develop a model called CODIT, and acronym for Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees.
1409017	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	The CODIT model has two parts. Part I has three walls: no. 1 resists vertical spread, no. 2 resists inward spread, and no. 3 resists lateral spread. Part II has one wall, no. 4 which separates wood present at the time of injury and infection from new wood.
1409022	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	The green arrows point to wall no. 1 in this red maple. In an abstract sense, each growth ring is a new tree and each tree used the same mechanisms to resist the spread of decay.
1409044	tree anatomy	Within the collar that forms at the base of dying branches is a chemical protective boundary indicated by the red arrows. Removing the collar destroys the boundary. The blue arrows mark an internal view of the branch bark ridge.
1409033	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	After a tree is wounded, a wall 4 forms, as it did in this oak. Radial shakes often develop at the edges of the wound, where the pen and pencil are pointing. When pressure occurs due to heat, cold or felling, shakes may split outward. These splits are called frost cracks.
1408053	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	We found many decay-causing fungi in tissue taken from treated and control wounds. If a client insists on using wound dressing, apply a very thin coat but only after you've compelted all the other procedures for maintaining a healthy tree.
1407039	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Most people think that dressings will help heal a wound, but research shows that wound dressings do not stop decay.
1409043	tree anatomy	For proper pruning, start with identifying the branch bark ridge. Instead of cutting behind it or leaving a stub, cut along the red line.
1409013	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Hollows are found in trees that have heartwood
1409032	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Trees form barrier zones around hardware.
1408041	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	These sections came from a maple tree that was wounded experimentally. A wide variety of decay resulted, but all wounds showed the same type of thick callus ring. Again, callus is associated with the growth rate of the tree, not with the decay process.
1408063	tree implants	Don't use high doses of chemicals. Small openings can cause large problems when phytotxic chemicals are used.
1409019	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	CODIT is a model that applies to both non-heartwood and heartwood-forming trees
1409060	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	This eucalypt had multiple columns: first a central hollow, then a band of sound heartwood, then another hollow, and finally more sound heartwood.
1408047	root sprouts	Prune basal sprouts as soon as you idnetify the desired dominant stems. Choose those that grow lowest on the old stump. Don't worry that decay may spread from a cut sprout or into a growing dominant sprout; it won't happen.
1408051	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	We conducted research on wound dressings on hundreds of trees. After dissecting them, we found no difference between treated and control trees. These samples from the same white oak show no difference in callus formation.
1409047	flush cut	Flush cuts cause discoloration of sapwood, which normally transports and stores material.
1409036	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Multiple cracks form when many radial shakes associated with old wound split outward, as in this post oak. The cracks start at the circular barrier zone.
1409039	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	This is a typical cracking pattern. The purple arrows point to where callus closed the wound.
1409040	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	In response to insect wounds, this maple formed wall 4. Radial cracks developed later at the blue arrows.
1409041	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Wall 4 in this eucalypt separated to form a ring shake. Felling caused a radial crack at the 6 o'clock position.
1409037	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	When decay and cracks combine, as they did in this black locust, wall 2 is the tree's only defense against the spread of decay.
1409035	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	This black walnut was wounded at the green arrows when it was 1 inch in diameter. At the red arrows the calus infoll cut into the trunk and caused an internal crack.
1409034	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	In this oak, the red arrows show the limits of an old wound. An open crack formed where callus first closed the injury. The green arrows point to radial shakes that split outward, while the blue arrows show ring shakes associated with other wounds. The purple arrows point to internal radial shakes.
1409038	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	A decayed basal sprout on this oak was a weak spot from which a crack spread inward at the purple arrows and outward at the red arrows. "S" indicates sapwood, "H" is heartwood, and the dotted line shows the boundary between them.
1408076	root problems	Other trees look safe, but have a weak root system. Always check for root decay when making a hazard tree inspection.
1399073	root problems	root constrictions
1409002	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	The sawyer on the left is Dr. George Hepting, a pioneer researcher on tree decay. He observed compartmentalization of decay in trees in 1935. Dissecting trees with a crosscut saw was extremely difficult. Until 1959 our view of tree decay was obtained mainly from crosscut sections.
1408056	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	When healthy wood is wounded, the tree walls off the injured areas.
1408057	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	When new wounds are added to wood that is already discolored and decayed from older injuries, much larger columns of infected wood will result.
1408049	flush cut	Fruit bodies of fungi often burst through wound dressings. This is a sure sign of decay, which can be stimulated by too much dressing.
1408066	tree implants	large holes created in injections or implants may create cankered areas and may keep the wounds from closing.
1408062	tree implants	Wounds close rapidly on fast-growing trees. Try not to make new wounds every year, or inflict them directly above or below older wounds.
1408078	risk tree	You can also use electrical methods to detect decay and determine the relative vitality of trees.
1400042	stem girdling roots	Linden with girdling roots.
1400044	stem girdling roots	Girdling roots (excavated and painted white by Gary Johnson) on declining Linden tree in image 1400042.
1408023	flush cut	Never flush-cut living, dying, or dead branches.
1361173	construction	Structure used to prevent damage to tree during construction
1408024	pruning (general)	This is the right way to cut a large living branches.
1408025	pruning (general)	Every branch has a thick bark ridge separating it from the main stem. Never cut behind the branch bark ridge. Never leave a stub, as shown here. Always cut as close as possible to the outer edge fo the branch bark ridge, as indicated by the red line.
1408026	pruning (general)	The inner side of the sample shows the hard inner wood of the branch bark ridge. If you cut behind the ridge at the arrow you'll injure the main stem. Cut the branch, not the trunk, by following the red line.
1408029	pruning (general)	Here is a proper cut on a small oak branch
1408030	pruning (general)	Callus will ring proper cut on a small oak branch
1408031	pruning (general)	callus growth shown six months after pruning.
1400170	stem girdling roots	Girdling roots
3036056	imbedded objects	barbed wire canker
3036060	imbedded objects	barbed wire canker
1397076	imbedded objects	Swing mounted on tree
1397086	imbedded objects	fence embedded in tree
1408044	crown reduction (pruning)	On the other hand, a severely slanted cut also encourages the spread of decay upward and downward.
1408038	flush cut	you will later see an obvious early warning sign of decay -- a dead spot at the base of the cut.
1408042	decay	Fluids oozing from almost-closed wounds indicated internal problems. This English oak is 4 feet in diameter. The callus collar is very large, as is the internal column of decayed wood.
1408043	crown reduction (pruning)	When removing a leader, slant the cut gently as shown on the left' a flat cut invited rapid decay development.
1408032	deadwood and snags	As branches wane and die, they are invaded by beneficial decay-causing fungi. These organisms spread to the base of the branch and branch collar, but rarely go beyond this point.
1408033	deadwood and snags	The basal portions of a dead, decayed branch often grows rapidly and forms a callus ring.
1408034	deadwood and snags	According to nature's design, the branch is then shed.
1408040	flush cut	The size of the callus is not related to the decay process but depends on how rapidly the tree grows after pruning. All too often, big callus rings belie the presence of decayed wood or hollows inside.
1408022	flush cut	Cracks also start above flush-cut branches. One has started here at the pencil point on this maple which was flush-cut two years ago.
1397028	imbedded objects
1397029	imbedded objects	embedded object
1397031	imbedded objects
1397075	imbedded objects	yard swing mount has girdled the tree
1397032	imbedded objects
1397033	imbedded objects	deck built around tree
1408046	canker	Pruning can also help to prevent other tree problems, such as cankers, that start on dying branches.
1408039	flush cut	Decay spreads rapidly from dead spots. No amount or type of wound dressing will help.
1408027	tree anatomy	You can easily locate the branch bark ridge on most trees
1408028	tree anatomy	branch bark ridge on a small branch
1407043	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	and for filling cavities. A professional will not bore holes to drain water from a cavity, or clean the decayed area so throughly that healthy wood is injured.
1408020	cracks or splits	These large protruding splits are called frost cracks, a misnomer, since they begin with a wound, not frost.
1407044	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Trees produce a wall around injured and infected wood. You should never disturb this natural barrier. Injuries form an indelible record of a tree's life: a hollow will be equal in diameter to the diameter of the tree when it was injured.
1407029	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	These microscopic units in woody tissue can be likened to rooms or compartments, which a tree can close off it they become injured or infected; illustrating walls 2, 3, and 4
1408004	tree pit	pressure from concrete causes root deformation as tree grows to fill a tree pit at a street corner
1408006	topping	and severed branches. The list goes on and on.
1408003	tree grate	poor soils, severe wounding,
1408012	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Either leave cavities open or fill them safely with nonabrasive materials. To prepare a cavity for filling or screening, take only the wood that is easy to remove; preserve the hard, protective rim.
1407030	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	New wood that forms around the wound is usually not infected. A callus covers the injured surface.
1397046	shear crack
1397078	shear crack	Codominant stems with a major crack
1397049	undermined root system	Overhanging streambed in campground. Campsite is just about 15' to the right of the tree in this image.
1407057	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	or changing the grade and moisture content of sites can cause major problems for trees. Consider the consequences before the work begins.
1397090	restricted root system	Roots restricted by pavement (street and sidewalk) caused tree failure
1397043	poor architecture	poor architecture combined with decay
1397101	included bark	weak union
1407047	stubs	Incorrect pruning is one of the most damaging practices inflicted on forest trees, shade trees,
1407048	stubs
1407049	pruning (general)	Never prune where this saw is poised, behind the bark ridge. Cut in front of the ridge, as indicated by the red line. Never prune when the leaves are forming. As mentioned earlier, don't paint wounds except for cosmetic reasons; then use a thin coat of a commercial dessing, never a house paint
1407026	tree anatomy	Intersection of tracheids with ray cells in the secondary xylem; Though they shed many outer parts, trees retain their wood, both healthy and decayed, in a highly ordered fashion. Viewed thorugh a microscope, this stained section of woody tissue reveals the order...
1407027	tree anatomy	cross-section through xylem
1407028	tree anatomy	This is a magnified section of American elm.
1407040	tree anatomy	The gum secreted by this peach tree is a natural dressing. All trees have similar self-healing mechanisms.
1408014	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Wounds spell trouble for trees. Do everyhting you can to prevent them. Trees are able, however, to wall off wounds.
1407056	construction	Some major types of injury, including the damage caused by construction, can be avoided. Insist that your contractor follow careful construction practices. Using heavy soil fill, damaging the roots,
1408011	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	This old cavity was cleaned so throughly that he hard rim of wood between decayed and sound tissue was broken.
1407031	fire	Throughout the ages, many trees have been wounded by fire, both natural and man-caused.
1407032	fire	Fire wounds can be fatal.
1397061	included bark	Included bark failure of codominant stem.
1407034	decay	Giant redwoods are no more immune to injury than the most auuaulted city tree; fruiting bodies on the exterior of the tree are cleas signs of internal decay
1407038	decay	Striped of large sections of bark, a tree dies. Fungi soon invade; fruiting bodies on the trunk of a tree are a clear sign of decay
1408009	decay	From another view you can see the dead leader beside the sound new leader. When filling cavities, do no injure the callus or break the band of hard wood around the decayed area.
1408010	decay	Cavities often fill with water. Do not drill holes to drain the water or decay will spread into the surrounding wood.
1407042	bracing	The same advice goes for inserting hardware to strengthen branches and trunks,
1397071	included bark	Codominant stems in eastern white pine. These stems are very prone to failure from pressure exerted by included bark.
1397040	included bark	included bark failure
1397068	deadwood and snags	hazard tree near swing; note the sloughing bark
1408008	Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees (CODIT)	Cavities in trees start with wounds and dead branches or leaders. A cavity's diameter will be the same as that of the tree when it was wounded or when the branch or leader died. The leader on this birch tree died when the tree was the diameter of the cavity.
1397062	restricted root system
1397089	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	domino effect: tree hazards may extend beyond the height of the tree
1397083	undermined root system	Tree overhangs streambed. Campground tent site is just to the left of the stream in this image
1408016	cracks or splits	Cracks can also develop from branch stubs,
1408017	cracks or splits	splitting up from a branch stub
1408018	cracks or splits	crack forming down from stub
1408019	cracks or splits	Other causes of cracks, especially on young or thin-barked trees, include holes for injections and implants.
1407036	ribbed crack	Many problems can be traced to wounds. The split seam in this piece of oak is called a frost crack, but the trouble actually began with an injury that occurred when the tree was one inch in diameter. As callus formed around the wound, a seam developed and later split. The tree may have been injured by a lawnmower or some type of equipment. If people knew the consequences of their actions,
1408015	inrolled crack	Wounds sometimes start as vertical cracks.
1397042	shear crack
1397094	shear crack	Severely decayed and defective large tree
1397104	included bark	Included bark branch failure
1397136	pruning (general)	proper cut
1397059	decay	Dead tree failure at roots, causing property damage.
1397073	decay	Tree failure from root and butt decay in campground
1397088	decay	sawdust and chips at base of tree, indicating decay.
1397091	decay	tree with extensive decay: note shell thickness
1397069	root problems	Root damage from erosion; Long-term erosion around tree in park.
1397106	root problems	Red oak with root damage and decay in campground (hazard tree)
1397084	weak branch union	Codominant branch failure in large hackberry
1397065	decay	Badly decayed oak tree failure at lower trunk.
1397064	decay
1397087	decay	Bur oak with decay and large cavity.
1397109	pruning (general)	Good pruning cut on bur oak
1397120	pruning (general)	good pruning cut
1397125	pruning (general)	proper orientation of pruners, with cutting blade closest to remaining part of branch or stem
1397126	flush cut	poor pruning practice: flush cut
1397121	stubs	Poor pruning cuts (stubs)
5037089	flush cut	bad pruning cut; semi-flush
1397134	tree anatomy	dead branch delimiting the edge of the branch collar
1397118	topping	Improper pruning cuts-topping, lopping or heading
1397123	topping	poor pruning practice: topped tree
1397117	flush cut	flush cut
1397119	pruning (general)	Proper placement of saw for pruning cut
1397135	ripped pruning cuts
1397115	pruning (general)	Proper pruning cut on small branch.
1397137	flush cut	poor pruning practice: partial flush cut
1397138	flush cut	poor pruning practice: partial flush cut
1397044	poor architecture
1397054	decay	Tree with extensive decay failed in a windstorm.
1397053	decay	This tree had extensive decay, with very little sound wood shell.
1397139	topping	topped tree for utility clearance
1397111	pruning (general)	good pruning cut; good callus growth
1397112	pruning (general)	Painted pruning wounds on white spruce. Painting pruning wounds is not a recommended procedure, except under very special circumstances, to prevent spread of disease.
1397067	topping	topped tree. Very poor pruning practice.
1397110	ripped pruning cuts	ripped bark from bad cut
1397072	risk tree	Removal of hazard trees in campground.
1397116	risk tree	Hazard tree transformed into light post.
1397102	tree anatomy	tree with fair u-shaped crotch
1397103	tree anatomy	Red maple with stable, u-shaped crotch
1397100	tree anatomy	Bur oak with strong, u-shaped crotch
1479014	northern hardwoods	northern hardwoods; old-age sugar maple-beech-hemlock; Snag and large size downy woody debris
1479032	northern hardwoods	fall color
1479036	northern hardwoods	Yellow birch growing in northern Wisconsin
3036057	fire	fired caused basal canker on oak
3037009	harvesting	cut and leave
3036084	log deck	log deck in a harvest area
3037029	log deck	log grapple working at a log deck, NC
3036062	harvesting	tree harvester, SC
3037026	clearcut	clearcut area, FL
3037027	clearcut	piled slash in a clearcut area, FL
1506084	harvesting	Sawyer cutting tree
0010012	seeding or sowing	Nurseries without sowing equipments, hand sow their seeds in the seedbed. It is more difficult to control seed spacing with this broadcast sowing, however, and so seedling density can often be too sparse or too dense as in this slide.
5062039	imbedded objects	wire fence damage
5059028	imbedded objects	swing mounted to trees
5059030	imbedded objects	yard swing mounting has girdled the tree
5042013	thinning (stand)	thinned stand
5035086	fire	San Bernardino
5035087	fire
5035088	fire	San Bernardino Fire
5035089	fire	San Bernardino Fire
5035090	fire	San Bernardino Fire
5058021	fire
5046006	pruning (general)	correct use of pruning shears
5046007	pruning (general)	pruning tools
5046009	pruning (general)	fresh pruning wounds
5057014	pruning (general)	branch pruning
5057015	pruning (general)	branch pruning
5057016	pruning (general)	branch pruning
5039035	mulching	mulched new plantings
5056009	mulching	mulch around planted tree
5056010	mulching	mulching newly planted tree
5034059	shelterwood
5034058	shelterwood
5044043	pruning (general)	Felco folding saw
5044062	pruning (general)	good pruning cut and callus
5044063	pruning (general)	good pruning cut; fresh
5044064	pruning (general)	good pruning cut; small
5044065	pruning (general)	good pruning cuts
5044066	pruning (general)	good pruning cuts
5044067	pruning (general)	good pruning wound
5034060	shelterwood
5044044	pruning (general)
5044045	pruning (general)	Felco pruning saw
5043002	imbedded objects	tree bound with rope at crotch
5043050	imbedded objects	cable around tree
5042078	flush cut	bad pruning cut
5042079	flush cut	bad pruning cuts
5048053	flush cut	bad pruning cut
5042083	ripped pruning cuts	bark rip pruning cut
5043011	stubs	branch stubs
2141036	pruning (general)	Pruned spruce
2141037	pruning (general)	Pruned spruce
2140057	pesticides	bubble cap deployment of MCH for spruce beetle control
2139078	pesticides	carbaryl application for Ips control
2140091	pesticides	Ips control
2140093	pesticides	Ips control
2140095	pesticides	protecting picnic tables before spraying pesticides to control Ips
2140096	pesticides	protecting grills in a campground before spraying pesticides to control Ips
2140097	pesticides
2140067	pesticides
2141013	thinning (stand)	post thinning
2141014	thinning (stand)	post thinning
2141015	thinning (stand)	prethinning
0010003	seeds/cones	The quality of the seed lot is established by a germination test, which measures how many seeds will germinate under the ideal conditions. For nurseries that do not have a germination chamber, these tests can be done for a fee at the National Tree Seed Laboratory or a private seed testing laboratory.
4061100	naval stores
4061092	pulpwood	In Madawaska River 5/50
4061093	pulpwood	Ginger Cross Lake R.O.W.
4061094	pulpwood	Pulp piles along road. Wallagrass, ME
4061095	pulpwood	river drives
4061096	pulpwood	River drives. St. John River, Maine
4061097	pulpwood	River drives. St. John River, Maine
4061098	pulpwood	River drives on St. John River, Maine
1467411	misc. forestry picture	at ease disease there's fungus among us
1467065	prescribed fire	standing burn of mountain pine beetle infested timber
1467068	prescribed fire	mountain pine beetle control
1467021	prescribed fire	standing burn of "bug" infested timber
1467066	prescribed fire	standing burn of mountain pine beetle infested timber
4061091	pulpwood	hauled by horse and stacked
1118482	selection	Group selection Ovachita N.F.
1118374	deadwood and snags
1118306	land use conversion	forest converted to pasture.
2253098	skidding	horse logging
1118270	bottomland hardwoods
1118272	bottomland hardwoods
1118285	bottomland hardwoods	Bottomland hardwoods alongside southern pines
1118278	misc. forestry picture	Canopy gap
1118279	misc. forestry picture	Canopy gap in northern hardwoods 1998
1399125	alley cropping	Hybrid poplar and corn
1399183	transport	Loading boats for transport
1399119	stubs	Poor pruning, hatchet leaves ragged wound.
1399148	log deck
1118226	soil & water	Permafrost soil pit Alaska near Fairbanks 1994
1118305	soil & water	Loessial hill erosion
1118307	soil & water	Erosion
1118337	thinning (stand)	Stump sprouting 1-yr post-treatment - heavy thin 2000.
1118338	thinning (stand)	Stump sprouting. 1-yr post treatment - 2000 Heavy thin
1118339	thinning (stand)	Stump sprouting, line of 2-yr-old sprouts in heavy thinned plots
1118340	thinning (stand)	Stump sprouting, multiple sprouts including low ones 2nd yr post treatment 2-yr-old sprouts
1118436	loading	Loading wood on barge
1118437	loading	Logging in Ouachita hardwoods
1118438	loading	Loader
1118433	felling	Harvesting in northern hardwoods
1118434	log deck	log deck in northern hardwoods high-quality logs uplands. 1998.
1118435	log deck	log deck in northern hardwoods. 1998.
1118367	clearcut
1118369	selection
1468232	pesticides	fumigation
1468234	pesticides	fumigation
1468021	fire	Burning of infested woods; December 1895
1468010	construction	grading and paving weakened tree
1468007	construction	massive reduction in root area by severing of roots during construction
1457039	fire	Prescribed fire in a white pine seed orchard. Oconto River Seed Orchard, Nicolet National Forest, Wisconsin.
1118246	fertilization	Dropping of fertilizer
1118260	fire	Evidence of fire scars in ponderosa pine logs. Black Hills, SD. 1991
1118250	log deck	At sawmill, near Lady Bird Johnson Grove 6/96
1395017	dry kilns
1395050	chipping	Hickory chipping plant. Iowa
1395051	chipping	Hickory chipping plant. 1962.
1395005	loading
1395022	transport	Log truck
1395025	transport	Log truck
1395001	felling
1395002	felling
1395061	skidding	Skidding with small tractor
1397093	deadwood and snags
1399182	log deck	Indonesia
1399130	sawmill	Sawmill near Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia.
1399146	unpaved roads and trails	Logging road on ultisol soil. Kalimantan, Indonesia
1399201	log yard	Tropical hardwood log yard at port. Hamburg, Germany
1399202	log yard	Inspecting tropical hardwoods portside. Hamburg, Germany.
1399203	transport	Port at Hamburg, Germany.
1399096	crop/tree alternation	Millet field amongst stands of hybrid poplar in Outer Mongolia, China.
1399097	crop/tree alternation	Harvesting grain in hybrid poplar forest, Outer Mongolia, China
1399098	crop/tree alternation	Hand harvesting grain in hybrid poplar forest, Outer Mongolia, China.
1399122	crop/tree alternation	Alternation field of intesive fiber production of hybrid poplar and grains, N.E. China.
1399131	transport	Transporting logs down river to Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia
1399132	transport	Transporting logs down river to Palembang, Sumatra, Indonesia.
1399145	harvesting	Logging, Kalimantan, Indonesia
1399133	lumber and building materials	Indonesia
1399134	lumber and building materials	Lumber framing a house in Sumatra, Indonesia.
1399135	lumber and building materials	Wood used in construction, Indonesia
1399186	lumber and building materials	Tropical hardwood lumber at port. Indonesia
1399136	transport	Ships ar dock awaiting lumber for delivery
1397038	pruning (general)	Poor pruning
1395045	log yard	At hardwood sawmill
1395007	debarking	Log debarker
1395006	log yard	Small-log log yard. Northern MN.
1395035	log yard	At hardwood sawmill
1395010	sawmill
1395011	sawmill	Sawing short logs
1395013	sawmill
1395014	sawmill
1395015	sawmill
1395008	sawmill
1395018	lumber and building materials	Hardwood dimension parts
1395020	lumber and building materials	sorting hardwood dimension parts
1395021	lumber and building materials	Hardwood "glued-up" panels
1406231	poles, posts, pilings	sealing posts off swamp. Jan. 1955
0806095	poles, posts, pilings	horse logging for posts, poles and small sawtimber at Salida Ranger District, south-central Colorado
1399106	alley cropping	Alley cropping corn between rows of hybrid poplar
1399107	alley cropping	Hybrid poplar plantation with cultivation between rows of trees.
1396101	log deck
1396102	log deck
1406255	clearcut
1118210	improvement treatments	Improvement cut
1118222	cultivation	Hardwood site prep
1118223	cultivation	Hardwood site prep
1118209	shelterwood	In mature stand.
1118189	shelterwood	Deferment cut
1118190	shelterwood	Deferment cut, new epicormic branches on deferment tree
1118191	shelterwood	Deferment cut, large cottonwood in sugarberry, elm, cottonwood, sycamore two-aged stand
1118198	thinning (stand)	Thinning in bottomland hardwood
1118205	thinning (stand)	Thinned mature Appalachain hardwoods with reproduction
1118112	release treatments	Midstory injection underplanted ~ 6-7 yrs old
1118193	release treatments	midstory control
1118194	release treatments	midstory control, injected cypress with green ash regeneration
1118111	release treatments	Midstory injection underplanted Shumard oak ~ 6-7 yrs old
1118196	release treatments	midstory control with dense midstory
1400168	urban planting	Residual burlap from original planting ball that was never removed. Stem compression.
1118172	selection	single tree selection
1118169	selection	single tree selection
1118170	selection	Single tree selection, partial cutting in Wisconsin hardwoods
1118179	selection	Group selection - marking
1118180	selection	Group selection with abundant ash & oak regeneration
1118182	selection	group selection, elm, ash, sugarberry, cottonwood and pecan
1118183	selection	Group selection
1118184	selection	Group selection with thinning between groups
1118185	selection	Small group selection opening, planted & natural regeneration
1118186	selection	1-acre group selection opening, planted & natural regeneration
1118187	selection	Abundant red oak regen on edge of group selection
1118176	selection	group selection opening, Note ash regeneration
1118177	selection	Group selection opening
1118188	coppice	Coppice, note herbaceous component
1118149	shelterwood	"Good stand" loessial hill, heavy cut following established of new cherrybark oak seedlings
1118144	seed tree	McGee clearcut 1963, cut all > 4.5' tall oak. Northern red oak left for seed, 2-age stand on upslope (seed tree)
1118104	planting	Underplanting, Direct seeded
1118163	shelterwood	Fenced shelterwood in France. Europe oaks & northern red oak
1118152	shelterwood	Sessile, pendulate, & Northern red oak heavy shelterwood forest in France uplands
1118145	shelterwood	Noxubee Wildlife Refuge
1118146	shelterwood
1118147	shelterwood	3 yr old Nuttall and willow oak. Nuttal oak with epicormics
1118148	shelterwood	3 year old shelterwood. Nuttal and willow oak
1118161	seed tree
1118155	shelterwood	Modified shelterwood
1118160	shelterwood	Dense green ash & water hickory following seed-tree removal
1118165	shelterwood	one-yr-old sycamore, sugarberry, and pecan shelterwood
1118151	shelterwood	Shelterwood in northern red and pin oak uplands
1118164	shelterwood
1118157	shelterwood	Ozark oaks shelterwood Ozark Nat. Forest
1118158	shelterwood	shelterwood (oaks) in Ozark N.F. on excellent site (Si 80)
1118159	shelterwood	Oak shelterwood, some oak regen. Ozark Nat. Forest
1118162	shelterwood	water and willow oak
1118140	seed tree
1118127	clearcut	1-yr-old clearcut well stocked
1118100	planting	Hardwood planter
1118103	planting	Underplanting. Agri Planter modified for Acorns; Painton wheel is spacing Guide Tube is 2" PVC
1118107	planting	Underplanting, direct seeding
1118133	clearcut	Commercial pecan left because could not sell
1118134	clearcut	edge of strip clearcut, 5 chains wide
1118135	clearcut	good planted overcup & nat. water oak following clearcut
1118115	planting	Planting in a shelterwood
1118116	planting	Dibble bar
1118132	selection	Group selection
1118139	seed tree
1118102	planting	Direct seeding
1118143	seed tree	black cherry / black birch
1118142	seed tree	Dense, young sessile or pendulate oak forest
1118106	planting	Underplanted seedling
1118108	planting	Underplanting, 6 yr old direct seeded field
1118109	planting	Underplanting, Direct seeded 17 yrs old trees.
1118101	planting	Direct seeded seedling
1118129	clearcut	Regeneration in 1-yr-old clearcut
1118130	clearcut	Regeneration in 1-yr-old clearcut
1118131	clearcut	Nuttall oak on edge of patch clearcut
1118110	planting	Underplanting direct seeded cherrybark oak seedlings
1118092	coppice	coppice water oak ~ 20 yrs
1118124	clearcut	1 month old clearcut
1118125	clearcut	3-yr-old clearcut
1118126	clearcut	commercial clearcut 2-yrs-old
1118141	seed tree	seed tree in black cherry & black birch. Note electric fence to keep deer out
1118136	row thinning
1399066	pruning (general)
2254001	fire	fire hazard, bug killed timber sign
1359043	fire	Scenic view of Long Meadow reburn in the Tower wildfire (Long Meadow wildfire area burned in 1986 and reburned in Tower wildfire of 1996) showing variability in post-fire response of snowbrush ceanothus (Ceanothus velutinus) patches; North Fork John Day Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
1359034	shelterwood	Clearcut cutting method in Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir (Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa) forest showing regeneration established since early 1980s; Fraser Experimen-tal Forest, Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest, north-central Colorado
1359062	deadwood and snags	Old, two-stemmed whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) snag in the Vinegar Hill area; south-ern North Fork John Day Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
1361172	land use conversion	Excess soil moved over root area of the tree
0808022	meadow	Upper Reservoir meadow area near Olive Lake; North Fork John Day Wilderness, North Fork John Day Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
0808024	fire	Olive Lake with 1986 Lost Lake wildfire area in background across lake, North Fork John Day Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
0808026	meadow	Upper Reservoir meadow area near Olive Lake; North Fork John Day Wilderness, North Fork John Day Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
0808054	fire	Snowbrush ceanothus field in 1986 burn near Jump-Off Joe Ridge; North Fork John Day Ranger District, Uma¬tilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
0808023	fire	Regeneration in 1986 Lost Lake wildfire area near Olive Lake, North Fork John Day Ranger District, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
0806098	selection	Group selection opening in an old-growth Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir (Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa) forest; Fraser Experimental Forest, Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest, north-central Colorado
0806079	planting	Auger planting crew in Yellowjacket wildfire area, Umatilla National Forest, northeastern Oregon
0806099	thinning (stand)	In an older stand with self-pruned trees; South Platte Ranger District, Pike National Forest, south-central Colorado
0806100	low thinning	This was a low thinning in a high-elevation stand of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir. The area was planted with spruce seedlings in the early 1940s and thinned in the fall of 1981. The pretreatment stand had a basal area of 101 square feet per acre, a quadratic mean diameter of 6.1 inches, and a stand density index of 224; post-treatment stand had a basal area of 78 square feet per acre, a quadratic mean diameter of 7.1 inches, and a stand density index of 168. Cut trees averaged 200 per acre in this thinning. Marshall Pass; Salida Ranger District, San Isabel National Forest, south-central Colorado
0806097	clearcut	Burned for slash removal and to promote natural regeneration; Salida Ranger District, San Isabel National Forest, south-central Colorado
0806061	fire	With catface basal scar. Malheur National Forest, Prairie City Ranger District, Grant County, Oregon
0806088	Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir	spruce/fir stand on Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium myrtillus habitat type at San Carlos Ranger District, San Isabel National Forest, south-central Colorado
0806077	fire	Prescribed surface fire burning at night, showing short flame lengths and progressive-strip ignition pattern; Blue Mountains, Malheur or Umatilla national forests, northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington
0806078	fire	lightning-ignited wildfire burning during day (long flame lengths); Blue Mountains, Malheur or Umatilla national forests, northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington
1748099	seed orchard/seed production areas	Roguing at Beech Creek Seed Orchard
1307054	nursery operations	with a variety of hardwood species
1307021	nursery operations	growing a variety of containerized seedlings
1212020	fire	Field of snowbrush ceanothus in intensely burned area in a 1986 wildfire near Jump-off Joe Ridge, NFJD RD, Umatilla NF
1212089	fire	Upper portion of Summit wildfire (1996) in fall of 2001; North Fork John Day RD, Umatilla NF
1215081	fire	Prescribed fire with smoke in underburned stand, Bear Valley RD, Malheur NF
1210100	fire	Maes Creek wildfire area in southern Colorado; fire burned in 1978, image acquired in 1987; subalpine zone near upper treeline; San Carlos RD, San Isabel NF
1212009	fire	Non-sprouting aspen clone killed in the north part of Wheeler Point fire area, Heppner RD, Umatilla NF
1420036	loading	log loading, McDavid tract, Conecuh River Bottoms, Alabama
1420006	skidding	Bombadier skidding hardwood pulp from branch bottoms in Compartment 42, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Alabama, January 1963
1420115	felling	Logging crew felling tree with chainsaw. T.R. Miller Mill Company property, Conecuh County, Alabama
1423054	fire	Seedling after backing fire has past
1420026	loading	loading logs on McDavid Tract, Conecuh River Bottoms, Alabama, January 1961
0016354	skidding	Skidding logs with a mule.
0016355	skidding	Log skidding with a mule in about 1980.
1420134	pulpwood	Cutting pulpwood with power saw. Compartment 95. USDA Forest Service - Conecuh National Forest, Andalusia, Alabama. January 1954
1420125	pulpwood	Power saw cutting pulpwood. Compartment 95. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. January 1954
1207019	loading	A loader machine loading poles/logs onto a truck
1441015	skidding	Horse logging (skidding) in mountain pine beetle damaged stand, May 1970
1442172	loading	Log loading, Gunnison National Forest, Colorado
1301017	fire
1301018	fire
1301019	fire
1426028	fire	Taken in 1897 in Baldwin County Alabama, during a southern forestry visit by the founder of the USDA Forest Service.
1207100	fire	Area in the Wheeler Point fire (burned in August 1996) that was seeded with blue wildrye, Heppner Ranger District
1207058	planting	Planting pine seedlings with a shovel in spring 1960, Ukiah Ranger District
1207090	harvesting	Wildlife Tree sign on aspen tree near edge of Donut aspen harvest unit, South Park Ranger District; harvest occurred in 1980 and 1981
1207017	unpaved roads and trails	Skid trail leading to a log deck in a timber sale area
1207016	log deck	Log deck being assembled in a small opening
1207018	harvesting	Timber worker unhooking a choker cable at a landing in a timber sale area
1420086	harvesting	Busch combine, Harrison Experimental Forest, Saucier, Mississippi in September 1968
1210056	Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir	Mature spruce/fir type following a partial cutting, southern Colorado, Rio Grande NF
1207093	log deck	Remains of old, turn-of-the-century log deck, Garber Creek area, South Platte Ranger District
1207024	planting	planting crew loading up with seedlings, May 1981
1207007	post planting protection	plantation established on wildfire area with shade-blocked seedlings, South Park Ranger District
1207059	planting	Planting seedlings with a hoedad in Ditch Creek fire area in 1966
1442193	harvesting	John Deere harvester Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. June 1990.
1442194	harvesting	John Deere harvester Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. June 1990.
1442211	fire	Burn on Pieplant Creek Unit #38 - Gunnison National Forest, Colorado. October 6, 1982
1442212	fire	Burn on Pieplant Creek Unit #38 - Gunnison National Forest, Colorado. October 6, 1982
1442213	fire	Burn on Pieplant Creek Unit #38 - Gunnison National Forest, Colorado. October 7, 1982
1442214	fire	Drip torch crew on Pieplant Creek Unit #38 - Gunnison National Forest, Colorado. October 7, 1982
1442215	fire	Burn on Pieplant Creek Unit #38 - Gunnison National Forest, Colorado. October 7, 1982
1442221	fire	Prescribed burn to control dwarf mistletoe
1442222	fire	Prescribed burn for mistletoe control
1442195	processing/manufacturing	Stud mill head rig. Pioneer sawmill, Taos, New Mexico
1442196	processing/manufacturing	Stud mill-trimmer. Pioneer sawmill, Taos, New Mexico
1442197	processing/manufacturing	stud mill-stacking. Pioneer sawmill, Taos, New Mexico
1442198	processing/manufacturing	Millyard-log deck. Bighorn Lumber Company, Laramie, Wyoming
1442186	clearcut	School house Gulch Spearfish Ranger District Black Hills South Dakota
1442190	selection thinning	Commercial thinning to remove poles on Wind River District - Shoshone National Forest, Wyoming.
1442173	planting	Replanting after beetle-kill timber harvest Dead Ox Gulch Black Hills, South Dakota
1442073	fire	Fire crew; Taylor Park, Gunnison National Forest, Colorado
1442174	planting	Replanting after beetle -kill timber harvest Dead ox gulch Black Hills, South Dakota
1442175	planting	Replanting after beetle -kill timber harvest Dead Gx Gulch Black Hills, South Dakota
1442176	planting	Replanting after beetle -kill timber harvest Dead Ox Gulch Black Hills, South Dakota
1442069	fire	Drip torch crew; Texas Creek Unit #1; Gunnison National Forest, Colorado 10-7-82
1442072	fire	Pieplant Creek; Gunnison National Forest, Colorado 10-16-82
1442071	selection thinning
1442179	clearcut	Fuelwood harvest area. Dillon Ranger District White River National Forest, Colorado
1442183	clearcut	Bessey Ranger District, Halsey, Nebraska
1442184	clearcut	Bessey Ranger District, Halsey, Nebraska 5-28-87
1442133	selection thinning	Posito Creek, Conejos R.D. Rio Grande National Forest
0976090	clearcut	clearcut harvest unit shortly after logging; Pomeroy Ranger District
0976087	planting	planting crew in action, spring 1952
0976088	planting	close-up view of planter with planting bar, spring 1952
0976080	nursery operations	large, refrigerated trailer used to haul tree seedlings
0976057	planting	planting willows at West Chicken Creek; La Grande Ranger District
0976059	post planting protection	planted .seedling with rotted log used for protection at San Carlos Ranger District
0976056	planting	planting trees with a metal tray and planting bar; Eden Bench,Pomeroy Ranger District 1955
0976051	packaging	opened jelly roll showing 25 2-0 bareroot seedlings; South Park Ranger District
0976052	packaging	completed jelly roll with burlap wrap held shut using a metal nail; South Park Ranger District
0976053	planting	reforestation area planted in 1961 at Abels Ridge
0976042	seeds/cones	reforestation cone collection, fall 1962
0976047	post planting protection	replanted burned stand with shade-carded seedlings; South Park Ranger District
0976049	packaging	burlap jelly rolls being stored in stock water trough to keep them moist; South Park Ranger District
0976044	seed orchard/seed production areas	Beaver Creek seed orchard
0976043	seed orchard/seed production areas	interpretive sign at Target Meadows Seed Production Area; Walla Walla District
0976033	fertilization	helicopter applying fertilizer
0976029	seed tree	Bear Valley Ranger District
0976030	shelterwood	cut to 20 trees per acre at Manitou Experimental Forest
0976032	shelterwood	Fraser Experimental Forest
0976031	cultivation	site preparation disking for natural regeneration; South Park Ranger District
0976027	precommercial thinning	of Ukiah training plot
0976025	processing/manufacturing	distant view of Troy Pine Mills, 1951
0976019	liberation	in old (80 years) stand at Windy Springs, North Fork John Day Ranger District
0976012	fire	strong vegetative response and dead tree boles. Maes Creek burn, San Carlos District
0976009	meadow	view of grass/tree mosaic
0808100	fire	Surface evidence of high-intensity burn, showing char and ash, Tower fire.
0808098	fire	Junewood plantation with partial burn with pine and larch, Tower fire.
0808094	fire	Tributary stream below large spring above Winom Creek, Tower fire.
0808095	fire	Large fire scar in tree from many old fires, Tower fire.
0808096	fire	Burned seedling and shade-card lath, Summit fire. at Long Creek Ranger District
0808089	fire	Moderate- to high-intensity burn of Tower fire at Winom Creek area, North Fork John Day Ranger District
0808086	fire	Burned stream bottom in Tower fire (August, 1996) with resprouting plants.
0808081	fire	Camera point T-96-5, view #6 initial take, Tower fire (August, 1996).
0808083	fire	Young stand in 1986 burn area.
0808080	fire	Summit fire area (burned August, 1996 Indian Rock lookout, North Fork John Day Ranger District)
0808077	fire	burned in August, 1996. Note complete consumption of litter layer. Wheeler Point fire area, Heppner Ranger District
0808076	meadow	Meadow from Clearwater fire lookout tower, Pomeroy Ranger District.
0808070	clearcut	Clearcuts in the Notch area at west end of the Heppner Ranger District
0808071	cultivation	stands that were subsoiled to relieve soil compaction; Heppner Ranger District
0808069	clearcut	in the Notch area at west end of the Heppner Ranger District
0796064	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796065	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796060	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796061	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796062	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796063	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796057	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by fixed wing at seed orchard
0796058	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research at seed orchard
0796059	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796053	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796054	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research: releasing dye at seed orchard
0796055	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by fixed-wing at seed orchard
0796056	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by fixed wing at seed orchard
0796049	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796050	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796048	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796046	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796043	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796044	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796045	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0796042	pesticides	spray distribution (dye vortex) research by helicopter at seed orchard
0745100	misc. forestry picture	Towers for C-14 study, J.D. Hodges and J. Chambers, 4-25-94
0745099	misc. forestry picture	Towers for C-14 study, J.D. Hodges and J. Chambers, 4-25-94
0016389	fire	Stand in June, 2 months after spring burn, steep slopes
0016342	direct seeding	Bracke Scarifier used to prepare seeding spot and distribute seed, 1982.
0016339	land clearing	LeTourneau Tree Chrusher about 1979
0016338	harvesting	Kristie yarder tests about 1981 with USFS research Auburn, AL and Scott Paper Company.
1404006	fire	Diagram of ring fire technique
1404007	fire	Burn to dispose of slash and prepare site for planting after clearcutting overstory pine. Lumber City, GA. Ring fire drags smoke to center column leaving perimeter lines clear.
1404011	fire	Slash disposal burn using ring fire technique, Lumber City, GA. Mixing height above 1,700 feet but still too low to allow dispersal of smoke being generated.
1404004	fire	Prescribed Burning Techniques- Strip Flank Fire in a 2-year rough. Francis Marion National Forest. January 1968
1404027	fire	Headfire to reduce fire hazard by consuming fine (1-hr) fuels after Hurricane Hugo before large (100- and 1000-hr) fuels become available. also include fact that Hugo created blowdown September, 1989. Should have burned sooner but could not get permission. Photo Point in Prescribed Burn Plot 2D. USDA Forest Service - Francis Marion National Forest. McClellanville, South Carolina. April 4, 1990
1404028	fire	Post-burn photo on April 20, 1900 after heading fire burn on April 4, 1990 to reduce fire hazard by consuming fine (1-hr) fuels after Hurricane Hugo before large (100- and 1000-hr) fuels become available. Hugo created blowdown in September, 1989. Should have burned sooner but could not get permission. Photo Point in Prescribed Burn Plot 2D. USDA Forest Service - Francis Marion National Forest. McClellanville, South Carolina. April 4, 1990
1404019	fire	Aerial ignition using "ping pong" balls, "Good" back fire conditions (low fine fuel moisture content) are too good for aerial ignition. 1-hr (fine) fuel moisture should be much higher - in 22-28% range. Beards Chapel, North Carolina. March 1980.
1404008	fire	1998 Florida wildfires- Daytona Beach Airport under instrument flight rules after being "smoked in"
1404017	fire	Large downed fuels buring on Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, Hillsboro, Georgia. April 5,1975
1404020	fire	Diagram of a backing fire
1404002	fire	Diagram of strip-heading fire technique
1404003	fire	Diagram of flanking fire technique
1404005	fire	Diagram of spot fire technique
0016346	fire	Aerial drip torch in about 1981.
0016347	fire	Mixing Alumigel in an aerial drip torch.
1420166	fire	Plowing fire break in USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. November 1961
1420165	shelterwood	Camera point on USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. November 1963
1420164	seed tree	Seed traps under stand with 9 square feet of Basal Area per acre. Plot B-5. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. November 1961
1420092	seed tree	Seed tree stand. Compartment 135. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. February 1959
1420098	seed tree	Cutting seed trees on Compartment 94. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. January 1954
1420141	seed tree	Quality seed tree. Alabama. May 1950
1420114	seed tree	Seed tree stand after burn. Comaprtment 93. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. January 1954
1420110	fire	Plowing fire breaks. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. November 1961
1420129	fire	Prescribed burn in fresh logging slash - no crown scorch from backing fire. Compartment 94. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. December 1954
1420105	fire	Virgil Davis setting fire with drip torch. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. 1955
1420106	fire	Surface fire burning under sparse oak-pijne stand. Compartment 135. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama
1420113	fire	Crown scorch from prescribed burn. Compartment 63. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. 1950
1420127	fire	Heavy 3-year grass rough before setting controlled burn. Compartment 94. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. December 1954
1420151	shelterwood	Compartment 94. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. November 1961
1420093	direct seeding	Seed horn notch and seed. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. December 1958
1420099	direct seeding	Tracks of H-C furrow seeder. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. October 1959
1420107	direct seeding	Furrow seeded area, 1959-60 season. Marion County Alabama. May 1960
1420158	direct seeding	Newly germinated seeds in furrow track. Compartment 34. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. December 1958
1420090	direct seeding	H-C furrow seeder (cultipacker model). USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. March 1959
1420100	direct seeding	Seed horn. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. December 1958
1420108	direct seeding	Seed rake. January 1962
1420109	harvest	1962 Harvest of Farm 40 on Compartment 156. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. October 1962
1420091	fire	Virgil Davis setting fire with drip torch. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. 1955
1420137	naval stores	Turpentine face with scrape and tins removed. USDA Forest Service - Conecuh National Forest, Andalusia, Alabama. 1948
1420145	prescribed fire	H.L. Stoddard and E.V. Komarek, Sr. at Greenwood Plantation in Thomasville, GA. July 1961
1420111	fire	Tall Timbers Research Station near Thomasville, Georgia. H.L. Stoddard reviewing burn plots. May 1964
1420138	release treatments	Understory before treatment. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. 1952
1420112	release treatments	Frank Freeze deading oak by applying ammate in frills. Marianna, Florida
1420123	processing/manufacturing	W.T. Smith Lumber Company sawmill. Chapman, Alabama
1420096	processing/manufacturing	T.R. Miller Mill Company sawmill. Brewton, Alabama. November 1961
1420147	processing/manufacturing	Log deck at T.R. Miller Mill Company sawmill. Brewton, Alabama. December 1953
1420130	fire	Severe crown scorch a hot wild fire north of Atmore, Alabama. April 1958
1420146	fire	Fire killed slash pine seedlings; live longleaf sedlings after wildfire. Escambia County, Alabama. July 1961
1420152	soil & water	Boring soil with auger. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. November 1961
1420101	seed tree	View from photo point in seed tree stand Compartment 117. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. June 1957
1420117	fire	Lighting set fire. Compartment 95. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. October 1959
1420150	soil & water	Soil profile. Alabama
1420153	soil & water	Sampling soil moisture with a neutron probe. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. January 1966
1420154	soil & water	Soil profile on cut bank. Alabama. June 1965
1420140	bottomland hardwoods	Big Escambia Swamp. Santa Rosa County, Florida. November 1957
1420136	seed tree	Poles from seed tree harvest. Compartment 94. USDA Forest Service - Conecuh National Forest, Andalusia, Alabama. January 1954
1420161	harvest	1962 Harvest of Farm 40 on Compartment 156. USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama. October 1962
1420080	direct seeding	Treatment with Arasan and Endrin, Brewton, Alabama, December 1968
1420077	processing/manufacturing	W.T. Smith Lumber Company, Chapman, Alabama in January 1966
1420021	release treatments	sapling stand after 2,4,5-T treatment, Compartment 93-94, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama
1420079	naval stores	Huxford Forest, Escambia County, Alabama, March 1966
1420028	thinning (stand)	thinning seedlings with mattock, November 1961
1420088	harvesting	bunching logs with wheel tractor, Compartment 81, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, October 1962
1420023	harvest	annual harvest of Farm 40, Compartment 156, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, 1950
1420025	release treatments	seed tree damaged by Silvicide (2,4,5-T), Compartment 104, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, October 1959
1420056	shelterwood	Pine litter under stand of 40 square foot basal area plot, B-4, Compartment 82, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, March 1946
1420070	direct seeding	2 1/2 year old seedlings, furrow seeded in 1959-60 season, Guin, Alabama, photo taken in 1962
1420071	direct seeding	1 1/2 year old seedlings, seeded in 1960-61 season, Rome Kraft, Guin, Alabama, photo taken in May 1962
1420072	direct seeding	larger seedling (left) was transplanted from nursery, small seedling (right) was direct seeded, both after two growing seasons in field, Compartment 63 of USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama in Dec. 1958
1420074	direct seeding	H-C furrow seeder seed hopper, March 1959
1420075	direct seeding	H-C furrow seeder, 1960
1420076	direct seeding	Union Camp Morgan 2-row seeder, Butler County, Alabama, Jan. 1966
1420020	direct seeding	row seeded stand, T.R. Miller Mill Company property, Conecuh County, Alabama, January 1966
1420058	direct seeding	Morgan seeder (Auburn Vacuum) 1-row, Chapman, Alabama, December 1967
1420061	direct seeding	Morgan 2-row seeder, Chapman, Alabama, December 1967
1420062	direct seeding	V-blade on tractor pulling a Morgan 2-row seeder, Chapman, Alabama, December 1967
1420063	direct seeding	Morgan 1-row seeder, Chapman, Alabama, December 1967
1420064	direct seeding	Morgan 2-row seeder, Chapman, Alabama, December 1967
1420052	direct seeding	Area burned in Fall 1958, seeded in Fall and Spring 1958-59, Shoal Creek Ranger District, USDA Forest Service - Talladega National Forest, Alabama, photo taken in June 1961
1420022	direct seeding	furrow seeded stand, Union Camp Corporation, Butler County, Alabama, July 1968
1420068	direct seeding	seed rake, 1962
1420069	direct seeding	H-C furrow seeder unit attached to a fire plow, 1960
1420073	direct seeding	2 year old row seeded seedlings inspected by Roy Morgan, Butler County, Alabama in Jan. 1966
1420082	direct seeding	1 year old seedlings seeded with a seed horn in Jan. 1958, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, photo taken in March 1959
1420083	direct seeding	Georgia Kraft furrow seeder taken in Georgia in November 1964
1420087	land clearing	Crawler tractor with KG-blade, T.R. Miller Mill Company property, Conecuh County, Alabama, September 1968
1420016	shelterwood	immediately after seed tree removal cut, Compartment 93, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, February 1954
1420051	clearcut	strip clearcut in January 1960, seedlings from 1957-58 cone crop, Compartment 81, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, photo taken January 1966
1420027	pruning (general)	George Ward pruning longleaf bole, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, 1961
1420024	release treatments	loading helicopter tanks with Silvicide (2,4,5-T), Compartment 117, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, October 1959
1420030	release treatments	helicopter used to spray silvicide (2,4,5-T), Compartment 117, USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, October 1959
1420055	shelterwood	Cross section of seedbed (grass rough), USDA Forest Service - Escambia Experimental Forest, Brewton, Alabama, March 1964
1420066	fire	Prescribed burn in cutover hardwood stand, Henry R. Koen Experimental Forest, USDA Forest Service - Ozark National Forest, near Jasper, Arkansas in May, 1967
1420014	fire	Wild Fire damage to stand in Florida, 1950
0016345	fire	Setting a strip backfire on a mid-slope position.
0016343	direct seeding	Bracke Scarifier used to prepare seeding spot and distribute seed and simultaneously distribute granular herbicide.
0016365	planting	4-year old seedlings grown in sand. On left, roots planted straight with drip fertigation. On right, roots "J" rooted at planting.
0016362	clearcut	Stand infested 2-years after harvest
0016332	right-of-way	Power line right-of-way
0016321	release treatments	Hardwood control using a backpack sprayer with Garlon 4 herbicide as a thinline or streamline treatment. Basal treatments are difficult to apply during the growing season due to foliage.
0016375	release treatments	Direct spray treatment for hardwood control. A PVC fabricated wand extension permitted treatment of taller brush.
0016377	release treatments	Site before brush saw removal of hardwoods and brush for individual pines. Piedmont in east central Alabama. In May of 3rd growing season of planted pines.
1442002	mechanical strip thinning	residual stand damage
1442006	clearcut	Natural regeneration 10 years after harvest, Shoshone National Forest
1442007	fire	regeneration after Geyser Creek Burn on Windriver Ranger District Shoshone National Forest
1442005	fire	Black Hills National Forest
1423063	shelterwood	Red Branch Regeneration Area in August 1982. Escambia Experimental Forest, Alabama. Removal cut was done in January 1976.
1423055	fire	Seedling starting height growth after intense fire foliage consumed, bud survives
1423053	fire	Backing fire approaching seedling
1423056	fire	Height growth seedling which survived prescribed burn, Conecuh National Forest, Spring 1954
1423057	fire	Height growth seedling survived prescribed burn
1423060	fire	Height growth seedling killed by burn
1423061	fire	Height grwoth seedling top killed by burn. Note sprouting from root collar. Blackwater River State Forest Florida. June 1987.
1423028	fire	Winter burn on Apalachicola National Forest, Florida, April 1987
1423052	fire	Sapling stand on Escambia Experimental Forest in Alabama.
1423059	fire	Height growth seedling burned, bud survived, Johnson Tract, Louisana, May 1964
1423050	shelterwood	Stand after winter burn, Escambia Experimental Forest, Alabama, March 1975
1423019	fire	"Cool" fire in stand, Escambia Experimental Forest, Compartment 125, February 1967
1423029	shelterwood	After "hot" fall burn, Kisatchie National Forest, Louisana, April 1988
1423051	direct seeding	Seeded February 1959 with H-C Furrow seeder. Photo taken in March 1959.
0010040	planting stock	The end of the bareroot nursery process comes when the seedlings, cuttings, or transplants are shipped to the outplanting site, which is in the same general geographical region where the seed or cuttings were collected.
0010080	nursery operations	In conclusion, both bareroot and container seedling have a place in modern reforestation. The choice of which type of seedling to use will depend on the available nursery system, the nursery climate, and the conditions on the outplanting site.
0010037	lifting, grading, & storage	Hardwood seedlings are sometimes "heeled-in" in outside beds until they can be outplanted. This process is normally only used where refrigerated storage is not available. Heeling-in is effective because dormant hardwoods have lost their leaves and therefore loose little moisture through transpiration. Seedling dormancy cannot be maintained under these conditions, however.
0010047	containers	The best type of container is a function of available nursery equipment, the species of plant, and the conditions at the outplanting site. Conifer species can be grown in relatively small containers whereas large-leaved hardwoods require larger containers. Seedling customers prefer smaller containers for moist outplanting sites, but demand larger, deeper containers for harsh dry conditions.
0010068	rooted/unrooted cuttings	Although most container tree nurseries produce only seedlings, some rooted cuttings are being grown for special purposes, such as tree improvement. These coast redwood mother plants will provide cuttings of trees selected for fast growth and good wood characteristics. Cuttings are also used when seed from a particular seed zone is scarce.
0010023	rooted/unrooted cuttings	Not all forest and conservation plants can be produced from seed. Some species, such as willow and cottonwood, can be propagated more efficiently with hardwood cuttings. Shoots are collected during the winter dormant period, are cut into sections, and stored under refrigeration until they can be planted the following spring.
0010038	transplanting	Transplants are grown when the customer wants a larger, more robust plant. A typical transplant is grown for one year, and then planted back into nursery beds and grown for another 1 to 2 years. Nurseries either grow seedlings specifically for transplanting, or use smaller stock that have been graded for transplanting. Mechanical transplanters use a vertical "shoe" to open the soil, and a wheel with clips places the seedlings into the slit at the proper spacing.
0010039	transplanting	Transplants are planted into rows, and the beds look similar to seedbeds except that the growing density is less to allow for faster growth. Transplant beds are fertilized, irrigated, and have the same root culture treatments as do bareroot seedlings. The transplanting process creates better caliper and roots than a comparably-sized seedling. Transplants are used for harsher outplanting sites, where animal browsing is a problem, or plant competition is severe.
0010041	nursery operations	The second way to produce forest and conservation seedlings is in container nurseries. Container ("plug") seedlings are grown in small capacity containers in special growth-promoting environments that can produce a shippable seedling in as little as 9 to 12 months.
0010075	transport	Some container tree nurseries ship their seedling directly to the outplanting site in the growth container. This technique is necessary where cold storage facilities are not available, but the seedlings must still be protected and maintained on the outplanting site.
0010072	nursery operations	Cold hardiness tests can be used to determine when the seedlings are ready for harvesting, because research has shown that these tests are a good indication of overall hardiness and dormancy.
0010073	nursery operations	Seedling roots and the cambium around the root collar are much less cold tolerant that the shoots, and can be damaged or even killed at temperatures that are only a few degrees below freezing.
0010077	transplanting	A relatively-new stock type is known as a "plug transplant", which is produced by transplanting a small container seedling into the bareroot nursery for an additional year of growth.
0010078	transplanting	Plug transplants are cultured and harvested exactly the same as bareroot transplant stock. These seedlings have phenomenal growth rates and are preferred by customers that want a large seedling with a fibrous root system.
0010065	irrigation	Eliminating water stress is crucial to achieving good seedling growth and container nurseries use either stationary or mobile overhead irrigation systems. Stationary systems consist of sprinkler heads set in a regular pattern whereas mobile systems have a horizontally-mounted boom that moves back and forth, delivering a uniform amount of water to the crop.
0010066	irrigation	Determining when and how much to irrigate in particularly difficult in a container nursery because seedlings use up water quickly in small containers, where it is difficult to directly observe moisture conditions. The best irrigation monitoring technique is to weigh the containers between irrigations because the relative wetness of the growing media can be correlated to the container weight.
0010069	nursery operations	At the end of the Rapid Growth Phase, when container seedlings have reached their desired height, the growing environment is changed to initiate the Hardening Phase.
0010061	nursery operations	Seed germination takes from 2 to 4 weeks and, in the case of multiple seed sowing, many containers have more than one germinant per cell. Most growers feel that oversowing is justified because it is considered more economical to waste a little seed rather than tolerate empty containers which waste valuable growing space. Resowing empty containers is an option, but later-sown seedlings are often overtopped by their neighbors and remain stunted.
0010062	nursery operations	After seed germination is complete, crews of workers thin multiple germinants down to one per cell. Extra seedlings are either pulled or clipped, depending on their size. Larger seedlings must be clipped because, if they are pulled, they may uproot the crop seedling.
0010045	nursery operations	In milder climates, container seedlings can be grown in outdoor compounds. These areas are covered with gravel and porous tarps to control weed growth, and the seedlings are raised on the ground or on tables. Although temperatures cannot be controlled, the crop has the benefit of irrigation, fertilization, and, at this nursery, photoperiodic lighting.
0010059	nursery operations	After they are sown, the seedlings are moved out into the growing area. Many container nurseries place the containers on specially-designed benches that promote air pruning of the roots. Some benches are constructed on rollers so that they can be moved together when access is not required. This feature is popular because less valuable growing space is wasted.
0010034	packaging	Shippable seedlings are placed in moisture retaining boxes or bags, and sphagnum moss is sometimes added to the bag to keep the roots moist. The seed code is marked on each bag or box as they are filled with seedlings.
0010031	lifting, grading, & storage	Boxes of seedlings are brought into the packing shed where the seedlings are graded and counted. The workers visually rate each seedling according to predetermined grading standards.
0010032	lifting, grading, & storage	Bundles of "shippable" seedlings are placed on a moving belt, and "culls" are discarded onto the floor and destroyed. Seedlings that have been grown especially for transplanting are also graded in this manner, and some nurseries use a multiple grading system: shippable, transplants, and culls.
0010033	lifting, grading, & storage	Grading standards are determined by the customer, depending on their intended use. Larger seedlings are needed for moist planting sites where planting competition is severe, or on sites where animal damage is serious. Shorter, stockier seedlings with a proportionally larger root system are required for harsher, drier planting sites. Often, the nursery manager negotiates these standards with the customer when the seedling order is taken. Grading standards usually consist of a range of acceptable shoot heights, a minimum acceptable caliper (stem diameter), and the length and fibrosity of the root system. Of course, the seed code for the specific seed lot is also carefully monitored during the grading process.
0010026	lifting, grading, & storage	Lifting consists of drawing an inclined, vibrating blade under the seedlings, usually at a depth of about one foot. The inclined blade lifts the seedlings out of the seedbed and the vibrating action loosens the soil from around the roots.
0010027	lifting, grading, & storage	Hand lifting consists of pulling the seedlings from the soil by hand, shaking the loosened soil from the roots, and placing them in a box. The lifting boxes are lined with wet burlap to keep the seedling roots from drying out.
0010028	lifting, grading, & storage	Several different types of mechanical harvesters are also used to lift seedlings. Most use a digger blade to lift the entire seedbed width onto a moving, vibrating belt that shakes the soil from the roots. They are then placed into boxes for transport to the pre-storage cooler.
0010029	lifting, grading, & storage	The time period from when the seedling are lifted until they are outplanted is one of the most critical in the entire reforestation sequence. The tiny fibrous roots are especially prone to drying and can be killed by a few minutes of exposure to heat or direct sunlight. The lifting crew includes several people that are assigned to keep the seedling boxes wet until they can be moved to the pre-storage cooler.
0010046	containers	There are many different types of containers which range in capacity from 16 cm3 cc (1 in3 ) to 492 cm3 (30 in3) or even larger. Common container types include styrofoam blocks, book planters, and several types made of molded rigid plastic.
0010035	lifting, grading, & storage	Storage containers are transported to a cooler where they are kept at temperatures near freezing to maintain dormancy and cold hardiness. Each box is marked with the proper seed source code which describes the origin of the seedlot.
0010036	lifting, grading, & storage	Cold storage facilities keep the ambient temperature near freezing, but it is important to monitor the temperature inside the storage container. For long term storage of more than 3 months, some nurseries utilize coolers that keep the storage temperature at slightly below freezing. Research has shown that frozen storage can maintain high seedling quality for over 6 months, and also retards the development of storage molds.
0010030	lifting, grading, & storage	Progressive nurseries monitor seedling quality during the seedling harvesting to outplanting operation. The pressure chamber directly measures seedling moisture stress and is used to determine when weather conditions are too dry to lift, and to identify potential problems.
0010019	root pruning	The lateral roots between the seed rows are also pruned with a vertical root pruner. This piece of equipment is sometimes "belly-mounted" under the tractor which allows precise placement by the tractor operator.
0010007	fertilization	In addition to the organic matter supplied by the cover crop, many nurseries add organic amendments such as sawdust during the fallow year. Nitrogen fertilizer is added at the same time to speed the decomposition rate; if no fertilizer is supplied, the microorganisms will utilize all the nitrogen in the soil and cause a deficiency in the subsequent seedling crop.
0010025	lifting, grading, & storage	At the end of the crop cycle, the seedlings are ready for harvest. Harvesting, or "lifting", is done during the dormant period when the seedlings are in a state of maximum hardiness, or resistance to stress. This time period is known as the "lifting window" and occurs during the late fall, winter, or early spring. In nurseries where the ground freezes, there are two narrow lifting windows: one in the fall, and another in the spring. Because the weather is often too wet in the spring, some nurseries lift a significant portion of their crop in the fall.
0010016	irrigation	The newly-sown seedbeds are kept "moist, but not wet" and seeds germinate within a few weeks. The overhead sprinkler irrigation not only supplies water for seedling growth, but also is used to cool the soil surface while the new germinants are still succulent. Irrigation can also provide protection against late fall or early spring frosts.
0010011	seeding or sowing	After the seedbeds are formed, the seed is sown. Some nurseries sow in the fall so that the seeds can undergo natural stratification. Spring sowing is more common, however, and begins as soon as soil temperatures are warm enough. Larger nurseries use seed drills which sow the seed in 6 to 8 rows per seedbed. Some seed drills automatically cover the seed with soil, whereas others leave the seed exposed so that it can be covered with a mulch. The number of seeds that are sown per area of seedbed is determined by a ‘sowing factor’ that includes information on seed germination, desired seedling growing density, expected seedling survival etc
0010079	containers	Some customers are concerned about the possibility of poor root development from container seedlings after they are outplanted. This is usually only a problem with stock that has been left too long in the container and has become root-bound, when they are planted with the wrong type of implement, or in heavy clay soils.
0010042	nursery operations	In the temperate zone, container crops are scheduled around the summer solstice when solar energy and temperatures promote rapid growth. Although many container nurseries typically grow one crop per season, some can raise 2 or 3 crops by careful scheduling. The first crop is grown in the greenhouse until outdoor conditions mild enough to move it outside. The second crop is sown just before the summer solstice so the seedling can still benefit from the intense sunlight of early summer, and are left in the greenhouse through the fall.
0010043	nursery operations	Several different types of propagation structures are used to produce container seedlings. Fully-controlled environments, like this greenhouse, are popular in colder climates, and have permanent roof and sides and a full range of environmental control equipment. Fully-controlled greenhouses are sometimes used to produce more than one crop per year.
0010022	nursery operations	All of these cultural practices are aimed at producing a uniform crop of seedlings that meet the morphological and physiological specifications of the customer.
0010048	containers	New types of containers are continually being developed. Some have special ventilation holes between cells, wheras others feature a copper coating in the cavity to chemically root prune the seedlings.
0010013	mulching	Some nurseries cover the sown seedbed with soil wherease others use a mulch, such as hydromulch. Mulches serve several functions, including controlling soil erosion, retarding moisture loss, and reducing soil temperature.
0010014	nursery operations	All seed is sown by seedlot, and each different lot is immediately labeled with some sort of marker that contains all pertinent information. The location of all seedlots is also permanently mapped in case the markers are lost. The identity of each seedlot is carefully maintained during the entire nursery operation to make sure that the seedlings are returned to the environment to which they are adapted. In the Western States, some nurseries sow literally hundreds of different seedlots each year that reflect the many diverse environments in that mountainous terrain.
0010060	nursery operations	Just as in bareroot nurseries, the identification of each seed lot is carefully monitored during the nursery process. Different seed lots are sown at the same time, and their location in the nursery is carefully marked and labeled with the proper seed source identification code.
0010064	nursery operations	Many nurseries use under-bench heating which stimulates seedling growth by warming the roots system. These systems also can be used to force ventilation up through the seedling foliage and significantly reduces incidence of foliar diseases, such as grey mold. The major drawback of underbench systems is that the tubes prohibit the use of forklifts in the greenhouse.
0010055	seeding or sowing	The filled containers can be sown by hand or with different sowing machines. The shutterbox consists of a template with a set of holes which correspond to the pattern of the individual container cavities, and can seed 50 containers at one time.
0010056	seeding or sowing	The operator fills all the offset holes on the shutter with seed. When the shutter is moved so that it corresponds to the holes in the shutterbox, the seeds fall through into the containers. The size of the holes in the shutter control the sowing rate, usually from 2 to 6 seeds per hole depending on seed quality.
0010057	seeding or sowing	Precision sowing machines can accurately control the sowing density down to one seed per cavity. Although expensive, these machines can speed up the sowing process, save valuable seed, and greatly reduce the need for thinning.
0010050	growing media	Almost all container nurseries use some type of artificial growing media instead of native soil. An ideal media should be sterile, lightweight, porous, and consistent in quality. Several different brands are commercially available, and most are composed of sphagnum peat moss, vermiculite, and sometimes perlite.
0010051	growing media	Some nurseries mix their own growing media. Larger nurseries have specially-designed mixers for precisely blending the components, but customized equipment like this cement mixer have been used.
0010052	growing media	Some growing media components, like vermiculite and perlite, are inherently sterile but sphagnum moss sometimes contains pathogenic fungi. Chemical fumigants or steam heat are typically used for media sterilization.
0010054	growing media	Containers are filled with growing media in several different ways. Smaller nurseries fill the containers by hand, but automated filling machines do everything from filling and tamping the media to sowing and covering the seed.
0010070	nursery operations	The most critical environmental factors for inducing hardiness and dormancy are cooler temperatures, a mild moisture and nutrient stress, and a shorter photoperiod.
0010067	fertigation	Most container tree nurseries fertilize through the irrigation system. Liquid fertilizer solutions are injected into the irrigation lines in the headhouse, and applied to the crop through the sprinkler nozzles. Supplying all 13 essential mineral nutrient is one of the most effective cultural techniques for controlling seedling growth, and nutrient injection systems are very effective because they supply the proper nutrient concentration at exactly the right time.
0010053	fertilization	Fertilizers or other chemical amendments are sometimes added to growing media during the mixing process. Dolomite is used to supply calcium and magnesium and raise the low pH. Slow-release fertilizers are composed of resin-coated pellets which release the mineral nutrients as a function of temperature and moisture.
0010058	mulching	The final stage in the sowing process consists of covering the sown seed with some type of mulch, such as perlite, grit, or coarse vermiculite. Light-colored mulches are preferred because they reflect sunlight and therefore do not heat-up as much as darker materials.
0010074	lifting, grading, & storage	Some nurseries store their container seedlings outside overwinter, being particularly careful to place the seedlings on the ground and insulate the root systems against cold.
0010076	packaging	Other nurseries pull the seedlings from the growth container, and wrap them in bundles. The bundles are placed in moisture proof boxes, and stored under refrigeration. Container seedling can also be freezer stored, and treated essentially the same as bareroot stock.
0010006	nursery operations	A cover or green manure crop is typically grown during the fallow year. A cover crop protects the soil from wind and water erosion and controls weeds, whereas a green manure crop is primarily grown to supply organic matter to the soil. These crops also capture mineral nutrients, such as phosphorus and iron, in a readily-available form. The cover crop is plowed down in the late summer to allow time for the organic matter to decompose.
0010009	nursery operations	Most of the larger bareroot nurseries fumigate their seedbeds with a poisonous gas, such as methyl bromide/chloropicrin, to sterilize the soil. Fumigation is expensive, but eliminates all the common nursery pests: pathogenic fungi, insects, nematodes, and weed seeds. The fumigant is injected into the soil and then immediately covered with a plastic tarp, allowing the gas to permeate throughout the soil. After several days, the tarp is removed, the gas dissipates, and the soil is ready to plant. Currently, the use of methyl bromide is being curtailed because of potential damage to the ozone layer.
0010010	nursery operations	The next cultural operation is to add the "pre-plant" fertilizer amendments. Based on tests, the soil pH can be adjusted to the ideal range of 5.5 to 6.5 by adding dolomite to raise the pH, or sulfur to lower it. Phosphorus fertilizer is often incorporated into the soil at this time, rather than as a top dressing during the growing season because phosphorus is not mobile in the soil. Often, these amendments are applied immediately before the soil is formed into the typical raised seedbeds. Seedbeds are approximately 4 ft. wide, a standard dimension that corresponds to all mechanized equipment that is used in forest nurseries.
0010001	seeds/cones	By far, the majority of forest and conservation tree seedlings are grown from seed, and most of this seed is collected from plants in the wild. Because seedlings must be genetically-adapted to the environment on the outplanting site, foresters insist on "source-identified" seed. Seed collected from a specific location in a particular year is called a "seed lot", and is identified by a numerical seed code. When the seed is sown, this seed code will identify the seedlings until they are shipped back to the same geographical location for outplanting.
0010004	seeds/cones	Most forest tree seeds are dormant and must be treated before they will germinate. The dormancy requirement of most commercial tree species can be satisfied by a cold, moist stratification treatment. The seeds are soaked for 24 to 48 hours, and then placed in plastic bags in a refrigerator for a period of 2 to 6 months, depending on the species.
0010005	planting stock	Bareroot seedlings take from 1 to 3 years to produce, depending on the species and the location of the nursery. A typical crop rotation for this 2+0 ponderosa pine is 2 years in the seedbed, followed by a 1 year rest or fallow period.
0010002	seeds/cones	Sometimes, seed orchards are established to produce seed of trees that have been specially selected for fast growth or pest resistance. In this slide, seeds of western white pine (Pinus monticola) are being collected at the seed orchard at the Coeur d’ Alene Nursery in Idaho. This seed orchard was established using plant material selected for resistance to the white pine blister rust fungus (Cronartium ribicolae)
0016388	fire	Backing fire moving down slope
0016340	land clearing	KG shear blade with stump splitter
0016385	windrowing or piling	Burning windrows
0016386	windrowing or piling	Root rake
0016341	planting	Crawler tractor with V-blade and machine planter.
0016387	fire	Growing season burn to control hardwood sprouts in a pine stand.
0016336	thinning (stand)	Morbark shear
0016350	fire	Setting a backing fire to establish a control line off of a firebreak.
0016351	fire	Crawler tractor with straight-blade constructing a firebreak.
0016337	harvesting	Kristie yarder
0016333	right-of-way	Roadside right-of-way
0016349	fire	Tractor standing by on fireline during site preparation burn.
0016376	release treatments	Brush saw removal of hardwoods and brush competition around individual pines.
0016366	release treatments	4-year old pine seedlings with overtopping hardwood sprouts.
0016322	release treatments	Spot-gun application of Velpar L to control hardwood competition.
0016324	release treatments	Spot grid application of Velpar L to control hardwood competition.
0016325	release treatments	Tubular tree injector
0016326	release treatments	Single tree injection with a Hypo-hatchet.
0016327	release treatments	Single tree injection with a Hypo-Hatchet.
3046061	clearcut	before harvest in Buchanan, Alabama compare to image number 3046062
3046062	clearcut	after harvest in Buchanan, Alabama compare to image number 3046061
3046059	selection	group selection in Selma, Alabama
3046060	selection	group selection in Selma, Alabama
2715012	fire	seedling after dormant season backing fire
2715013	fire	seedling after dormant season backing fire; note bud was protected from heat damage by surrounding needles which were consumed
2715014	fire	young sapling stand
2715010	fire	backing fire for competition control
2715015	fire	seedling in active height growth stage after low intensity backing fire
2715016	fire	height growth after burn; note older brown fire-scorched needles
2715017	fire	seedling with needles consumed in burn but bud still living
2715019	fire	sprouting from base of fire damage seedling
4166003	fuelwood	Professor Joe Mwangi with local woman carrying fuelwood in Kenya, Africa
0976086	fire	distant view of timber harvest unit with slash being burned for fuels reduction
0976082	shelterwood	seed cut unit (Brock 7) with 10-15 leave trees/acre; machine piled/burned
0976083	shelterwood	seed cut in Brock sale, unit 5, with 8-10 TPA left, machine piled/burned
0808061	fire	Mosiac burn pattern in the Boundary fire area as seen from Tower Mountain, North Fork John Day Ranger District.
0976075	root lifting, soil heaving, and windthrow	extensive windthrow and stem breakage in a pine stand located on a ridge and lee side
0976058	planting	close-up of freshly-prepared planting spot with scalp, ready for a seedling to be planted
0976050	packaging	vermiculite being soaked in metal trash cans prior to being used for jelly-rolling
0014239	fire	Simulating scorch with propane torch.
1307070	fuelwood	women gathering
4166004	fuelwood	local woman carrying fuel wood in Kenya, Africa
4166010	land use conversion	results of fire to clear Eastern Arc Forest in Tanzania, Africa
4166011	land use conversion	clearing forests for use in agriculture in Tanzania, Africa
1307027	nursery operations	tree nursery beds with no trees in beds
4166001	land use conversion	forest fragmentation of land in Kenya, Africa
1307094	land use conversion	forest fragmentation of land in Kenya, Africa
4166013	land use conversion	boundary of gazulted forest and agriculture land in Kenya, Africa
4166009	land use conversion	aerial view showing land use in forestry and agriculture in Kenya, Africa
1307085	land use conversion	burning of forest to clear for agriculture in Kenya, Africa
1307093	land use conversion	forest fragmentation of land in Kenya, Africa
1307096	land use conversion	forest fragmentation of land in Kenya, Africa
1307098	land use conversion	forest fragmentation of land in Kenya, Africa
3046056	drainage	dragline creating drainage ditch on wetland site
3046057	drainage	Land planed & ditched on contour
2253097	prescribed fire
2253017	pesticides	medicap insecticide plug being driven into tree bole
2253037	pesticides	helicopter spray
2253100	misc. forestry picture	diagram of Hercon pheromone dispenser
4799087	seed tree	Seed tree cut leaving eight trees uniformly distrubed per acre for natural regeneration of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana), California white fir (Abies concolor), and Incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens)in the Challeuge Experimental Forest in the northern Sierra Nevada's. Slash was windrowed and burned.
4799089	selection	Group selection for natural regeneration of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana), California white fir (Abies concolor), and Incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens)in the Challeuge Experimental Forest in the northern Sierra Nevada's. Portion of 90 foot diameter opening with one square foot seed traps.
4799090	selection	Single tree selection for natural regeneration of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana), California white fir (Abies concolor), and Incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens)in the Challeuge Experimental Forest in the northern Sierra Nevada's. Note dense needles and absence of bare ground.
4799088	shelterwood	Shelterwood cut leaving 12 per acre for natural regeneration of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana), California white fir (Abies concolor), and Incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens)in the Challeuge Experimental Forest in the northern Sierra Nevada's. Slash was piled and burned.
4799086	clearcut	High quality site clearcut for natural regeneration of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana), California white fir (Abies concolor), and Incense-cedar (Libocedrus decurrens)in the Challeuge Experimental Forest in the northern Sierra Nevada's
2253016	pesticides	Medicap plug
0796040	pesticides	Hercon flake dispensor, fixed-wing spray plane used for gypsy moth control
2251089	clearcut	in Montana
0796037	pesticides	Guthion aerial application - fixed-wing; Arrowhead seed orchard, Georgia Forestry Commission
1748082	pesticides	biplane
1748083	pesticides	nozzles
1748084	pesticides	nozzles
1748097	misc. forestry picture	innoculation setup
1748086	misc. forestry picture	global positioning system (GPS) use in forestry
1748087	misc. forestry picture
1748080	pesticides	aerial spray plane on ground, note transfer pumps and containment pad under plane
1748100	tree spade
1748098	pesticides	laying plastic for fumigation using Methyl Bromide of forestry nursery seed bed
1748088	forest nursery
1678079	pesticides	C82 Spray plane on ground
1678080	pesticides	Stearman spray plane
1678081	pesticides	B25 spray plane owned
1678082	pesticides	PV2 spray plane
1678083	pesticides	unloading pesticides at disposal dump
1678084	pesticides	burying pesticides at disposal dump
1678073	fire	site preparation
1678069	pesticides	helicopter crash
1678071	pesticides	Ford trimotor wreck
1678072	pesticides	helicopter spraying
1678077	pesticides	spray plane - Ford trimotor
1678078	pesticides	spray plane - Ford trimotor
0796038	pesticides	fixed-wing spray plane at seed orchard
0796039	pesticides	fixed-wing spray plane at seed orchard
0796035	pesticides	Guthion aerial application - helicopter, in seed orchard
0796036	pesticides	Guthion aerial application - fixed-wing, in seed orchard
0796075	pesticides	spraying Francis Marion seed orchard with air blast sprayer
0796041	pesticides	Hercon flake dispensor, fixed-wing spray plane
0796071	pesticides	breathe easy respirator and high pressure spray unit
0796074	pesticides	air blast sprayer nozzles
0364066	spray planes